The Revelation Spiritual Home - The Revival of African Indigenous Spirituality

Cambridge Core ‘fTi a.. = Home > Cambridge Elements > Elements in New Religious Movements > The Revelation Spiritual Home

Series: Elements in New Religious Movements 5 Cited by

The Revelation Spiritual Home The Revival of African Indigenous Spirituality Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 September 202S

Massimo Introvigne and Rosita Soryte Show author details v

Summary Buy print copy Africa hosts thousands of new religious organizations, yet those that have attracted academic attention are mainly derived from Christianity. Element contents Less studied is the phenomenon of African Indigenous Spirituality (AIS), Summa ry including new groups whose program is restoring forms of pre-Christian References and pre-Islamic spirituality. After a general introduction to AIS and some historical and contemporary examples, this Element presents an ethnography of what may well be the largest pan-African AIS group, The Revelation Spiritual Home (TRSH). Founded in Johannesburg by Samuel Radebe in 2009, it now has more than seventy branches in southern Africa. Based on fieldwork in TRSH centers and interviews with both Radebe and other leaders and members, as well as with participants in other AIS activities and groups, this Element examines the history, ideas, rituals, and business and educational activities of TRSH, and discusses the reasons for both its success and the opposition it has encountered.

•iii•:ii:\I Metrics Accessibility

BM!;;;;;; I ~ Share 1 1 H Cite I

African indigenous spirituality The Revelation Spiritual Home Samuel Radebe

African trad itional healers Anticu lt movements in Africa

Type Element

Information Series: Elements in New Religious Movements DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1 017/9781 009630399 Online ISBN: 9781009630399 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Print publication: 23 October 2025

Access options Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Check access Element purchase Institutional login Digital access for individuals

We recognised you are associated w ith US$23.00 one or more institut ions that don’t

have access to t his content. If you should have access, please contact your librarian.

fii. IAccess through your 1…

Personal login

Log in with your Cambridge Core

account or society details.

Ac~olini, G., and Teixeira de Sa, M. Jr. (2016). Tradi~ao - Modernidade: A Associa~ao de Medicos Tradicionais de Mo~ambique (AMETRAMO). Media~5es Revista de Ciencias Sociais, 21 , 49-70. CrossRef Google Scholar Adogame, A. (2021 ). Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Google Scholar AFP (2017). Le kimbanguisme, jeune religion nee au Congo. Le Point, May 26. www.leP-oint.fr/monde/le-kimbanguisme-jeune- religion-nee-au-congo-26-05-2017- 2130475 24.P-hP-#11. Google Scholar African Business Quarterly [unsigned] (2024). Trillion: Creating Sustainable Opportunities for All South Africans, 18, 14- 17. Google Scholar African Hidden Voices (2023). An Introduction into Afrikan Indigenous Spirituality. Johannesburg: Isam bu lo. Googlg Scholar African Hidden Voices (2024). Restoring Africa’s Spiritual Identity. Johannesburg: Isam bu lo. Google Scholar Alvarado, J. E. (2016). Exploring African ism in Latin American Pentecostalism. In Synan, V. and Alvarez, M., eds., Global Renewal Christianity: Latin America Spirit Empowered Movements: Past, Present and Future. Volume Two: Latin America. Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, pp. 337-50. Googlg Scholar Andreas, C. B. (2005). The Spread and Impact of the Lungsickness Epizootic of 1853-57 in the Cape Colony and the Xhosa Chiefdoms. South African Historical Journal, 53, 50- 72. CrossRef Google Scholar Asch, S. (1983). L’Eglise du prophete Kimbangu: de ses origines a son role actuel au Za”fre (1921-1981 ). Paris: Karthala. Googlg Scholar Ashforth, A. (1991 ). The Xhosa Cattle-Ki lling and the Politics of Memory. Sociological Forum, 6, 581-92. CrossRef Googlg Scholar Beecheno, K. T. (2022). ‘Tm Not Saying This to Be Racist, but … “: Uncovering Attitude of Whiteness in a Narrative Study of a Brazilian Pentecostal Church Leader. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 39, 309-26. Google Scholar Behrend, H. (2000). Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda, 1985-97. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. Google Scholar Bradford, H. (1996). Women, Gender and Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and Its Frontier Zones, c. 1806-1870. Journal of African History, 37, 363-4. CrossRef Google Scholar Bradford, H. (2000). “New Country, New Race, New Men”: War, Gender and Millenarianism in Xhosaland, 1855-1857. Papers of the Oslo 2000 Conference: Session on Gender, Race, Xenophobia and Nationalism. www.oslo2000.uio.no/P-rogramlP-aP-ers/r13/r13- bradford.P-df. Google Scholar Bradford, H. (2006). Not a Nongqawuse Story: An Anti-heroine in Historical Perspective. In Gasa, N., ed., Women in South African History: Basus’iimbokodo, Bawel’imilambo / They

I ,.._, I , . . , “ . . _ .,_,..,…, , …,.._, _ , …,, ,…, - • ..,_,_, I U “ .._ , _, , ,…_.. I””._ I ..,., .- I lo I ,.,.,, , . _ I I..__._.,

pp. 43-90. Google Scholar Bradford, H., and Qotole, M . (2008). Ingxoxo enkulu ngoNongqawuse (A Great Debate about Nongqawuse’s Era). Kronos, 34, 66-105. Google Scholar Budesta Batanda, J., Wanjiku Kihato, C., and Wilhelm-Solomon, M ., eds. (2013). Writing Invisibility: Conversations on the Hidden City. Johannesburg: Mail & Guardian. Google Scholar BUhrmann, M. V. (1982). Thwasa and Bewitchment. South African Medical Journal, 1, 877-9. Google Scholar Cabrita, J. (2014). Text and Authority in the South African Nazaretha Church. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Cabrita, J. (2018). The People’s Zion: Southern Africa, the United States, and a Transatlantic Faith-Healing Movement. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Google Scholar Cawood, S. (2014). The Rhetoric of Ritual: Sacred Sites and the Oral Tradition in the Mohokare Valley. In Post, P., Nel, P., and van Beek, W., eds., Contested Identities: Space and Ritual Dynamics in Europe and Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, pp. 203-24. Google Scholar Chajes, J., and Huss, B., eds. (2016). Theosophical Appropriations: Esotericism, Kabbalah, and the Transformation of Traditions. Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press. Google Scholar Chavunduka, G. L. (1986). The Organisation of Traditional Medicine in Zimbabwe. In Last, M. and Chavunduka, G. L., eds., The Professionalisation of African Medicine. London: Routledge, pp. 29-50. Google Scholar Chidester, D. (2002). Credo Mutwa, Zulu Shaman: The Invention and Appropriation of Indigenous Authenticity in African Folk Religion. Journal for the Study of Religion, 15, 65- 85. CrossRef Google Scholar Chiorazzi, A. (2015). The Spirituality of Africa: Interview with Jacob Olupona. The Harvard Gazette, October 6. httJ;is://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the- ~P-iritualitY.-of-africa/. Google Scholar Club of Mozambique (2024). Mozambique Elections: Frelimo Recognizes AMETRAMO’s Contribution in the 2023 Local Elections. March 20. httP-s://clu bofmoza m bi~ ue .com/news/m oza m bi~ ue-elections- frelimo-recognizes-ametramos-contribution-in-the-2023-local- elections-255891 / . Google Scholar Coosnapen, M., Bernard, D., and Karghoo, C. (2004). Eckankar se defend d’etre mele au deces collectif de St-Paul. 5 plus dimanche, September 4. www.5P-lus.mu/node/19150. Goog!g Scholar Coquand, J.-P. (2016). Radicalisation et derives sectaires: Comment s’en preserver? Commentje m’en suis affranchi? Sainte-Luce-sur-Loire: Bookelis. Google Scholar Covington-Ward, Y. (2014). “Your Name Is Written in the Sky”: Unearthing the Stories of Kongo Female Prophets in Colonial Belgian Congo, 1921-1960. Journal of Africana Religions, 2, 317-46. CrossRef Google Scholar CRL Rights Commission (2017). Report of the Hearings on the Commercialisation of Religion and Abuse of People’s Belief Systems. Johannesburg: CRL Rights Commission. Goog!g Scholar Day, J. (2024). “Someone Who Has Power and Who Understands”: Egyptology, Egyptosophy, and the “Truth” about Ancient Egypt. In van den Bercken, B. J. L., ed., Alternative Egyptology: Critical Essays on the Relation between Academic -,, ..,.,.,I /\ 1… -. .. ;,, ,.. 1..,. .. ,…,…,. .,.,… -. ..;,-…,.,.. ,-..-I= I\..,.,..;,.. ..,.+- c,…,,..,. .. I ,..;,.J ,.. ..,.,

a, IU /’”\ILCI 11auvc ll lLCI tJI CLQLIUI 1.::, UI /’”\I ILICI IL LYYtJL. LCIUCI I ,

Sidestone Press, pp. 29-41. Google Scholar Divine Life Society of South Africa. (2024). Worship of Mother Ganga in South Africa. www.sivananda.dls.org.za/about- us/mother-ganga/worshiP--of-mother-ganga-in-south- africa.html. Google Scholar Dobbelaere, K. (2000). The Rationale of Pillarization: The Case of Minority Movements. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 15, 181-99. CrossRef Google Scholar Dozon, J.-P. (1995a). La cause des prophetes: Politique et religion en Afrique contemporaine. Paris: Seuil. Googjg Scholar Dozon, J.-P. (1995b). Gabhie Koudou Jean not: Le prophete annonciateur de la crise. Cahiers d’etudes africaines, 138-9, 305-31. Google Scholar Dozon, J.-P. (2001 ). Post-prophetism and post-Houphouetism in Ivory Coast. Social Compass, 48, 369-85. CrossRef Googjg Scholar Dube, J. L., ed. (1936). UShembe. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and Shooter. Google Scholar Dube, L. (2008). Mai Chaza: An African Christian Story of Gender, Healing and Power. Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 34, Supplement, 91-119. Google Scholar du Tait, B. M. (1970). Emakhehleni - a Revivalistic Cult. In du Tait, B. M., ed., Culture Change in Contemporary Africa. Gainesville, FL: African Studies Center, University of Florida, pp. 42-58. Google Scholar du Tait, B. M. (1971 ). Religious Revivalism among Urban Zulu. In de Jager, E. J., ed., Man : Anthropological Essays Presented to 0. F. Raum. Cape Town: C. Struik, pp. 80-103. Google Scholar Edgar, R. R. (2018). The Finger of God: Enoch Mgijima, the Israelites, and the Bulhoek Massacre in South Africa. 2nd ed. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Esiobu, C. (2024). The Disappearance of Africa’s Indigenous Cattle and the Dangers of a Single Breed. The Pan African Review, February 13. httP-s:IIP-anafricanreview.com/the- disaP-P-earance-of-africas-indigenous-cattle-and-the-dangers- of-a-single-breed/. Google Scholar Fath, S. (2018). Marie Lalou, prophetesse Dehima. Regards protestants, July 8. httP-s:/ /regards P-rotesta nts.co mlactua Iites/fra nco P-h on ie/ ma ri e -lalou-woP-hetesse-dehima/. Google Scholar Fautre, W. (2024). Rwanda: Closure of Thousands of Churches after Failed Inspections. Human Rights without Frontiers, August 12. httP-s://hrwf.eu/rwanda-closure-of-thousands-of- churches-after-failed-insP-ections/. Google Scholar Fernandez, J. W. (1978). African Religious Movements. Annual Review of Anthropology, 7, 195-234. CrossRef Google Scholar Fernandez, J. W. (1982). Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar Flint, K., and Parle, J. (2009). Healing and Harming: Medicine, Madness, Witchcraft, and Tradition. In Carton, B., La band, J., and Sithole, J., eds., Zulu Identities: Being Zulu, Past and Present. Scottsville, KwaZulu-Natal: University of KwaZulu- Natal Press, pp. 312-21. Google Scholar Friedman, H. (1997). Of Culture and Vision. Mail & Guardian, March 27. httP-s://mg.co.za/article/1997-03-27-of-culture-and- visions/. Google Scholar Geslin, A. (2024). Sectes: discretes mais reellement toxiques. Le Quotidien de la Reunion et de /’Ocean Indien, September 2. www.le~ u otid ien. re/actu a Iites/soci ete/sectes-d isc retes-ma is-

reellement-toxi~ues/. Google Scholar Girard, J. (1974). Deima: Prophetes paysans de l’environnement noir. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble. Google Scholar Goitsemodimo, G. A. (2019). Mantsopa Makhetha. National Museum Publications, September 6. httP-s://nationa Im useu m P-U bl icatio ns.co.za/ma ntsoP-a- ma khetha/. Google Scholar Havelka, 0 . (2022). The Syncretism of the Gabonese Bwiti Religion and Catholic Christianity from a Theological and Theological-Ethical Perspective. Acta Universitatis Caroli nae Theologica, 12, 143-59. Google Scholar Hendrickx, B. (2021 ). Kim pa Vita (Dona Beatriz) and “Afro- Catholicism”: Re-examining Controversies and Unsolved Problems. PharosJournal ofTheology, 102, 1-14. Googjg Scholar Hinfelaar, H. (1991 ). Women’s Revolt: The Lum pa Church of Lenshina Mulenga in the 1950s. Journal of Religion in Africa, 21, 99-129. CrossRef Google Scholar Hodgson, J. (1985). Ntsikana: History and Symbol Studies in a Process of Religious Change among Xhosa-speaking People. PhD dissertation. University of Cape Town, Cape Town. Googjg Scholar Hudson, J. (1999). A Time to Mourn: A Personal Account of the Lumpa Church Revolt in Zambia. Lusaka: Bookworld. Googjg Scholar Hund, J. (2003). African Witchcraft and Western Law - Psychological and Cultural Issues. In Hund, J., ed., Witchcraft Violence and the Law in South Africa. Pretoria: Protea Book House, pp. 9-39. Google Scholar Inanda Ohlange Museum (2024). Inanda Ohlange Museum. Inanda: Inanda Ohlange Museum. Google Scholar International Traditional Healers Association (n.d.). Code of Ethics. Bulawayo: International Traditional Healers Association. Google Scholar Introvigne, M . (2022). Brainwashing: Reality or Myth? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Googjg Scholar Introvigne, M . (2024). Why Are Several African Countries Attacking Freedom of Religion? Bitter Winter, August 21 . httP-s:/ lb itte rwi nte r. org/why-a re-severa I-afri can-countries- atta cki n g-freed om-of-re Ii g ion/. Google Scholar Jarvis, L. V. (2024). A Prophet of the People: Isaiah Shem be and the Making of a South African Church. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Keeney, B., ed. (2001 ). Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa: Zulu High Sanusi. Philadelphia, PA: Ringing Rocks Press and Leete’s Island Book. Google Scholar Kgatle, M . S. (2019). A Remarkable Woman in African Independent Churches: Examining Christina Nku’s Leadership in St John’s Apostolic Faith Mission. Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 45, 1-14. CrossRef Google Scholar Kumalo, S., and Mujinga, M. (2017). “Now We Know That the Enemy Is from Within”: Shembeites and the Struggle for Control of Isaiah Shembe’s Legacy and the Church. Journal for the Study of Religion, 30, 122-53. CrossRef Google Scholar Laborde, C. (1995). La Confrerie layenne et les Lebou du Senegal: Islam et culture traditionnelle. Talence: Universite Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV. Google Scholar /express.mu (2004). First Indications Point to an International Sect. August 31 . httr-s://lexwess.mu/s/article/first-indications- P-Oint-international-sect. Google Scholar I I ,mh, I I f?nnc;, l<imn::, \/it;, rnnn::, R,:,::,tri7\

Lo…_. I I I”-””-”, L..• \.,_…, …,..J J• I ,o I I I t - ’ … Y I._ … \ .._., “-”1 ,…, .._.,._…, ._, 1”-J•

www.katinkahesselink.net/his/kimP-avita.html. Google Scholar Mack, J. E. (1999). Passport to the Cosmos: Human Transformation and Alien Encounters. New York: Three Rivers Press. Google Scholar Malcomess, B., and Wilhelm-Solomon, M. (2016). Valleys of Salt in the House of God: Religious Re-territorialisation and Urban Space. In Wilhelm-Solomon, M., Nunez, L., Bukasa, P. Kankonde, and Malcomess, B., eds., Routes and Rites to the City: Mobility, Diversity, and Religious Space in Johannesburg. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 31-60. CrossRef Goog].g Scholar Mandew, M. d. P. A. (1997). War, Memory and Salvation: The Bulhoek Massacre and the Construction of a Contextual Soteriology. PhD dissertation. University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Google Scholar Mapitsa, C. (2022). Freedom by Regulation: A Legal Assessment of the CRL Commission’s Report on the Commercialisation of Religion and Abuse of People’s Belief Systems. Religion & Development, 1, 58-72. CrossRef Goog].g Scholar Marschall, S. (2001 ). The Search for Essence: “Africanness” in 20th Century South African Architecture. Southern African Humanities, 13, 139-54. Google Scholar Martin, M.-L. (1971). Kirche ohne Weifse. Simon Kimbangu und seine Millionenkirche im Kongo. Basel : Reinhardt. Goog].g Scholar Mayer, J.-F. (2001 ). The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 5, 203- 10. Cross Ref Google Scholar Mayer, J.-F. (2011 ). “There Will Follow a New Generation and a New Earth”: From Apocalyptic Hopes to Destruction in the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God. In Lewis, J. R., ed., Violence and New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 191- 214. CrossRef Google Scholar Mbiti, J. S. (1991 ). Introduction to African Religion. 2nd ed., London: Heinemann. Google Scholar Miller, M. T. (2024). Black Hebrew Israelites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Mnguni, [pseudonym of Jaffe, H.] (1952). Three Hundred Years. Cape Town: New Era Fellowship. Google Scholar Mubi Brighenti, A., and Castelli, A. (2016). Social Camouflage: Functions, Logic, Paradoxes. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 17, 228-49. Google Scholar Municipal Focus [unsigned] (2022). Municipal Focus Speaks to Dr Radebe: The Man at the Helm of Trillion Cart Investments, 59, 34-37. Google Scholar Mutwa, C. (1964). Indaba My Children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. Google Scholar Mutwa, C. (1996). Songs of the Stars: The Lore of a Zulu Shaman. New York: Station Hill. Google Scholar Mutwa, C. (2003a). Zulu Shaman: Dream. Prophecies and Mysteries, ed. by Larsen, S.. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books. Google Scholar Mutwa, C. (2003b). The Sangoma’s Story. In Hund, J., ed., Witchcraft Violence and the Law in South Africa. Pretoria: Protea Book House, pp. 151-67. Google Scholar News24 (2017). Diehard Churchgoer Gets 3-year Jail Sentence for Threatening Email. March 3. www.news24.com/news24/diehard-churchgoer-gets-3-Y.ear- jail-sentence-for-threatening-email-20170303. Google Scholar

Ngobese, D. (2018). A Cultural Appraisal of Sacred Sites of the Eastern Free State Adjunct to African Traditional Religion and Belief Systems. China-USA Business Review, 17, 474- 86. Google Scholar Ngobese, D. (2024). Reinventing the Historical Trajectories of Mantsopa Sacred Space in South Africa’s Eastern Free State. African Journal of Gender, Society & Development, 13, 247- 63. Google Scholar Ngudiankama, A. N., ed. (2023). Kimbanguism 100 Years On: Interdisciplinary Essays on a Socio-Cultural Movement. Cham: Springer. CrossRef Google Scholar Nondywana, T. (2023). Local Doctor Pens Financial Literacy Book for Children. Soweto Urban, May 31 . www.citizen.eo.za/soweto-urban/news- headlines/2023/05/31 /dr-zwi-lezwe-radebe-P-ens-financial- literacy-book-for-children/. Google Scholar Nweke, K. C. (2022). Responding to New Imageries in African Indigenous Spiritualities. Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya, 6, 271-82. Google Scholar Nweke, K. C., and Okpaleke, I. P. (2019). The Re-emergence of African Spiritualities: Prospects and Challenges. Transformation, 36, 246-65. CrossRef Google Scholar Offen burger, A. (2009). The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in History and Literature. History Compass, 7, 1428- 43. CrossRef Google Scholar Olupona, J. K., ed. (2000). African Spirituality: Forms, Meanings and Expressions. Spring Valley, NY: Crossroad. Google Scholar Olupona, J. K. (2014). African Religions: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Opportunity [unsigned] (2022). Building and Sharing Wealth, 102, 22-3. Google Scholar Palmer, S. (2011 ). The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la Republique, and the Government-Sponsored “War on Sects.” New York: Oxford University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Pei res, J. B. (1989). The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856-7. Johannesburg: Ravan Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Petrarca, V. (2000). Messia nero. Stregoneria, cristianesimo e religioni tradizionali in Costa d’Avorio. Rome: Viella. Googjg Scholar Post, H. (1989). Pillarization: An Analysis of Dutch and Belgian Society. Aldershot: Avebury. Google Scholar Radebe, S. (2022). The Revelation of Imboni. Johannesburg: Isambulo. Google Scholar Radebe, S. (2023). Trillion Dollar Kids: Savings & Entrepreneurship for Children. Johannesburg: Isambulo. Google Scholar Radebe, S., and Hloele, P. (2022). Iintsebenzo zeSambulo. Johannesburg: Isambulo. Google Scholar Religioscope (2004). Congo: quelle identite pour l’Eglise kimbanguiste? Entretien avec Nduku-Fessau Badze. August 29. www.religion.info/2004/08/29/congo-guelle-identite-P-our- fgl ise-ki m bang u iste-entreti en-avec-nd u ku-fessa u- badze/. Google Scholar Renee, L. (2019). Emerald Founder Records. Shifting Timelines Newsletter, July. httP-s:/ /energeticsynthesis.com/resource- tools/3470-emerald -founder-records. Google Scholar Robbins, L. H., Campbell, A. C., Brook, G. A., and Murphy, M. L. (2007). World’s Oldest Ritual Site? The “Python Cave” at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana. Nyame Akuma, the

UUIICl.111 V I l.l IC JV\..I C l.J V I T””\.11 1\..0111..:>l. T””\.I \..I IOCVIV~:fl..:>l…:> 1 V / , L..-

6. Google Scholar Ryan, P. J. (2000). African Muslim Spirituality: The Symbiotic Tradition in West Africa. In Olupona, J. K., ed., African Spirituality: Forms, Meanings and Expressions. Spring Valley, NY: Crossroad, pp. 284-304. Google Scholar SABC. 2023. Media Statement: SABC Contains a Fire Incident at Its Headquarters. October 12. www.sabc.co.za/sabc/media- statement-sa be-co nta i ns-a-fi re-incident-at-its- headg uarters/. Google Scholar SABC News. (2024). Theatre - “The Spirit King” and the Revival of African Spirituality: Mbongeni Moroke. April 21 . www.youtube.com/watch?v=1 gSdxWP4v8c. Google Scholar Schwartz, N. L. (1985). Selected Aspects of Legio Maria Symbolism: A Case Study from a Village Community in East Alego. Nairobi: Institute of African Studies, University of Nairobi. Google Scholar Schwartz, N. L. (1989). World Without End: The Meanings and Movements in the History, Narratives and “Tongue-Speech” of Legio Maria of African Church Mission among Luo of Kenya. PhD dissertation. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Goog].g Scholar Selebi, M. (2015). Prophet Radebe Faces Arrest. Sowetan Live, November 29. Google Scholar Senate Ad Hoc Committee to Investigate the Proliferation of Religious Organisations and Circumstances Leading to the More than 95 Deaths in Shakahola, Kilifi County (2023). Report of the Senate Ad Hoc Committee to Investigate the Proliferation of Religious Organisations and Circumstances Leading to More than 95 Deaths in Shakahola, Kilifi County. Nairobi: The Senate. Google Scholar Sheller; P., and Diviney, C. (2018). Guide to the Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site. 2nd ed. Maun: Ngami Data Services. Google Scholar Sibanyoni, M. (2017). “Prophet Radebe” Co-owns RS Million Racing Pigeon. Timeslive, March 15. www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-03- 1 5-P-roP-het- radebe-co-owns-rS-million-racing:P-igeon/. Google Scholar Simon, B. (2023). The Relations between the Kimbanguist and the World Council of Churches: Past and Present. In Ngudiankama, A. N., ed., Kimbanguism 100 Years On: Interdisciplinary Essays on a Socio-Cultural Movement. Cham: Springer; pp. 47-71 . CrossRef Google Scholar Simon, B. (2024). Genesis of a New Religion: Kimbanguism and Its Departure from Ecumenism. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar Simon, Z. N. (2024). Simon Kimbangu: His Death Sentence on October 3, 1921 by the Belgian Colonial Authorities, His Appearances and Reappearances. Lancaster: Our Knowledge Publishing. Google Scholar Sithole, J. (2009). Changing Meanings of the Battle of Ncome and Images of King Dingane in Twentieth-Century South Africa. In Carton, B., La band, J., and Sithole, J., eds., Zulu Identities: Being Zulu, Past and Present. Scottsville, KwaZulu- Natal: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, pp. 304-11 . Goog].g Scholar Sosibo, K. (2017). Face to Face w ith the Inner-City Miracle Worker. Mail & Guardian, April 13. httP-s://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-13-00-face-to-face-with-the- inner-city-miracle-worker/ . Google Scholar Stapleton, T. J. (1991 ). “They No Longer Care for Their Chiefs”: Another Look at the Xhosa Cattle-Killing of 1856-1857. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 24, 383- 92. CrossRef Google Scholar

:::>LeenKdfllf.J, f\. lLU 1::>/. 1r1e t’ldce u1 vvumer1 111 u1e vuurLreKKer Monument. South African Journal of Art History, 30, 33- 46. Google Scholar Steyn, H. C. (2009). Credo Mutwa: New Age Zulu. In Carton, B., La band, J., and Sithole, J., eds., Zulu Identities: Being Zulu, Past and Present. Scottsville, KwaZulu-Natal: University of KwaZulu- Natal Press, pp. 304-11. Google Scholar Sundkler; B. (1948). Bantu Prophets in South Africa. London: Lutterworth. Google Scholar Thornton, J. (1998). The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kim pa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684-1706. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Googjg Scholar Tu, Y. (2017). From Artemisia Annua L. to Artemisinins: The Discovery and Development of Artemisinins and Antimalarial Agents. London: Chemical Industry Press and Academic Press. Google Scholar Turner; H. W. (1967a). A Typology for African Religious Movements. Journal of Religion in Africa, 1, 1- 34. CrossRef Google Scholar Turner; H. W. (1967b). African Independent Church. 2 vol. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar Turner; H. W. (1977-92). Bibliography of New Religious Movements in Primal Societies. 6 vol. Boston: G. K. Hall. Google Scholar van der Post, L. (1958). The Lost World of the Kalahari. London: The Hogarth Press. Google Scholar van Haarlem, W. (2024). Epilogue. In van den Bercken, B. J. L., ed., Alternative Egyptology: Critical Essays on the Relation between Academic and Alternative Interpretations of Ancient Egypt. Leiden: Sidestone Press, pp. 181-2. Google Scholar van Wyk, I. (2014). The Universal Church of the Kingdom of God in South Africa: A Church of Strangers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar van Wyk, I. (2018). Fragile Wars: Anti-Ecumenism in a South African Church, Journal of Southern African Studies, 44, 269- 81. CrossRef Google Scholar Vasconcelos de Castro Moreira , L. (2024). Mapping Demons: Worldwide Adaptations of Demons by a Brazilian Neo- Pentecostal Church. International Journal of Latin-American Religions, 8, 1-20. CrossRef Google Scholar Vokes, R. (2010). Ghosts of Kanungu: Fertility, Secrecy and Exchange in the Great Lakes of East Africa. Kampala: Fountain. Google Scholar Ward, C., and Voas, D. (2011 ). The Emergence of Conspirituality. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 26, 103- 21 . CrossRef Google Scholar Westbrook, D. (2024). Anticultism in France: Scientology, Religious Freedom, and the Future of New and Minority Religions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Wilhelm-Solomon, M. (2013). Prophets of the City. In Budesta Batanda, J., Kihato, C. Wanjiku, and Wilhelm-Solomon, M., eds., Writing Invisibility: Conversations on the Hidden City. Johannesburg: Mail & Guardian, pp. 39-52. Google Scholar Wilhelm-Solomon, M., Zulu, M., and Worby, E. (2016). Angels and Ancestors: Prophetic Mobility and Diversity in the City. In Wilhelm-Solomon, M., Nunez, L., Bukasa, P. Kankonde, and Malcomess, B., eds., Routes and Rites to the City: Mobility, Diversity, and Religious Space in Johannesburg. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 239-71 . CrossRef Google Scholar Wood, F. (2008). The Occult, the Erotic and Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of Oral Accounts of Ukuthwala, Wealth-giving

Magic, Sold by the Medicine Man Khotso Sethuntsa. Alternation, 15, 338-66. Google Scholar Wood, F., and Lewis, M. (2007). The Extraordinary Khotso: Millionaire Medicine Man from Lusikisiki. Auckland Park: Jacana. Google Scholar Zahan, D. (1970). Religion, spiritualite et pensee africaines. Paris: Payot. Google Scholar Zahan, D. (2000). Some Reflections on African Spirituality. In Olupona, J. K., ed., African Spirituality: Forms, Meanings and Expressions. Spring Valley, NY: Crossroad, pp. 3-25. Googjg Scholar