History of Professors World Peace Academy (PWPA) International 1973-2000 — Damian Anderson

This material was collected and edited for distribution on CD-ROM to repre- sentatives of PWPA attending the 8th International Congress in Seoul, Korea, February 10-14, 2000.

Professors World Peace Academy International: 1973-2000 edited and produced by Gordon L. Anderson, Ph. D. Secretary-General, PWPA-International

Version 1.0 - 12/2/99

For current information about Professors World Peace Academy visit the web site at http://www.pwpa.org

2 Professor World Peace Academy

Purpose and Overview of PWPA … 5 Founder’s Address: PWPA and Our Resolution … 8 History of PWPA-Korea … 12 History of PWPA-Japan … 19 Developing the PWPA-International Network … 26 International Congresses … 31 Statement by Morton A. Kaplan … 31 First Congress … 33 Second International Congress … 38 Third International Congress … 51 Fourth International Congress … 65 Fifth Congress … 85 Sixth International Congress … 93 Seventh International Congress … 99 List of PWPA conferences 1973-2000 … 105

PROFESSORS WORLD PEACE ACADEMY INTERNATIONAL 1973-2000 Throughout history human beings have desired a peaceful world. Yet conflict per- sists. Most people want peace on their own terms. Unscrupulous political leaders have often proclaimed peace, while in reality exploiting and manipulating others. Wars have been fought in the name of religions that proclaim peace. World peace is built on the basis of values that transcend the perspective of an individual. Scholars, by the objective nature of their inquiry, are in a position to guide their societies to genuine peace. However, the specialized nature of science requires an interdisciplinary ap- proach to social problems. The Professors World Peace Academy (PWPA) was established to support the aca- demic community in the quest for peace. With chapters in over 100 countries, it forms a broad network covering the globe and provides links between scholars on all conti- nents. PWPA International conducts programs to nourish the growth and effectiveness of the PWPA national chapters. It assists in the formation of new chapters, in the devel- opment of book publishing and the exchange of scholars between chapters. PWPA International also organizes international congresses of chapter presidents to stimu- late their work at home and to connect them to the global community. PWPA International also supports a world university system. The world university can help students become global citizens by studying with an international student body in several parts of the world. The world university network can provide rapid transmission of knowledge from one part of the world to another.

The Professors World Peace Academy Logo. The central circle symbolizes truth and the outer circle the world. The circular arrows represent the harmony of all things. The forms of the birds and pen-tips represent peace and professors respectively.

4 Professor World Peace Academy

INTRODUCTION Overview This book is the first effort to provide a historical overview of the Professors World Peace Academy (PWPA) inter- national activities. The Professors World Peace Academy was founded by the Reverend Sun Myung Moon to as- sist in the effort to bring about a new harmonious and loving world civili- zation. In the first fifteen years this or- ganization grew from a dialogue be- tween Korean and Japanese scholars to a global academic network with chapters in over 100 nations. Hundreds of conferences and books were pro- duced in PWPA’s first 30 years. This phenomenal expansion cannot simply be attributed to the financial contribu- tions of the Reverend Moon but to the power of the ideas behind the forma- The Founding Meeting of PWPA in Seoul, Korea, May 6, 1973. tion of the Academy. logues between black and white South PWPA was founded on May 6, PWPA stands out from other aca- Africans, Arabs and Jews in the 1973 in Seoul, Korea at a gathering of demic organizations in its sincere and Middle East, and communists and anti- 168 Professors from Korea and Japan. constructive dialogues on pressing communists in the USSR, at times no The emphasis of the meeting was the problems. At times it has provided one other group was doing so. Such activi- promotion of good relations between of the only forums where scholars on ties have earned PWPA a reputation Korea and Japan, two nations which different sides of a social issue could for including all people in the creation were historically hostile to one an- gather. It has sponsored scholarly dia- of better societies and world. other. National chapters of the PWPA, which have grown to national promi- nence, were formed in both Korea and Japan. In 1974, the professors associ- ated with PWPA held the first Interna- tional Conference on World Peace (ICWP). This became an annual con- ference in Asia, and today, after eigh- teen conferences, continues to focus on Asia and the world. Throughout the 1970’s the Asian members of Professors World Peace Academy expanded the Academy’s work throughout the world. This was accomplished in part by inviting West- ern experts to Asia to speak on topics at the ICWP conferences. It was also brought about through contacts with professors from around the world at The 16th International conference on World Peace was held in Tokyo in 1985, keeping the annual International Conferences the tradition of an annual meeting ever since 1974. The conference usually focuses on the role of Asia in promoting world peace. on the Unity of the Sciences (ICUS).

INTRODUCTION 5

ters legally incorporated in their coun- tries and began publishing activities aimed at social improvement. To further develop solidarity and leadership among the PWPA chapter presidents, the Reverend Moon has periodically sponsored International Congresses of PWPA Presidents.

The Vision of PWPA When the Reverend Moon founded the Professors World Peace Academy, he spoke about creating an organization which would restore dignity to the name of “peace,” which at the time was monopolized by left-wing politi- cal groups. He drew a logo for the or- A landmark in the development of PWPA International was the planning meeting held ganization. The three concentric at the 10th ICUS in Seoul, 1981, when professors were invited to start national circles symbolize wholeness at indi- chapters. Here Professor Radnitzky from Germany gives his support. vidual, social, and world levels. The in turn, moved the Reverend Moon to arrows symbolize the fundamental dy- By 1979 there had been Professors sponsor activities conducted by them namic (yin-yang) of all existence. The World Peace Academy meetings held in their own countries. heads of the arrows represent birds for in Europe, America, and Africa. A From 1983, the grants were given peace. They can also be viewed as tips chapter in the United States was to the newly forming chapters of the of pens for professors. The name Pro- formed under the leadership of Morton PWPA through the International Cul- fessors World Peace Academy and the A. Kaplan in 1979 as a division of the tural Foundation. This was a period in logo contain theessence of the International Cultural Foundation. which many conferences were held founder’s vision for the organization. In 1980 at the 9th ICUS conference throughout the world on peace issues In his remarks at the First Interna- held in Miami, Florida, professors in- of most crucial interest to different tional Congress of Professors World terested in Professors World Peace nations and regions. Many of the chap- Peace Academy, the Reverend Moon Academy began to hold annual inter- national meetings at the ICUS to share their experiences and aspirations. In 1982, Chung Hwan Kwak, the Chair- man of ICF, and Hugh D. Spurgin, the Secretary General of ICF travelled to Africa, South America, the Middle East, and Asia to meet with professors and discuss regional problems. In De- cember 1983, the Reverend Moon called professors from seventy nations to Seoul, Korea for the First Interna- tional Congress of PWPA Presidents. On December 18th 1983, the Rev- erend Moon delivered the founder’s re- marks to the professors about his vi- sion for the Professors World Peace Academy. The 70 professors in atten- dance signed “A Resolution and Pledge” to help bring about “a new God-centered world civilization The Reverend S.M. Moon, a foremost champion of peace, addresses a capacity crowd founded upon love and heart.” It was at a rally in Seoul sponsored by the PWPA in 1983, on the communist threat to world an expression by the professors which, peace.

6 Professor World Peace Academy

gave explained his hopes for their responsibile role in development of so- ciety. He said that in addition to their scientific roles as scientific research- ers and teachers of facts, professors, who do much to shape the thought of the future, are responsible for the teaching and living of values that will lead to the solution of the problems faced by humanity. Secondly, he em- phasized that problems had to be stud- ied from an interdisciplinary and in- ternational viewpoint which over- comes the parochialism of disciplines and national ideologies. The ICUS conferences that ICF had already spon- sored for many years were to act like an international royal academy of sci- ences that could help provide an un- The Reverend Moon watches as PWPA Presidents sign the “PWPA Resolution and derstanding of values and the unity of Pledge,” December 18, 1983. the sciences in our contemporary era. Members of the PWPA were to take ligious tradition or promulgations by ment of professors in revolutionary po- this knowledge and these values to the politicians do not suffice as au- litical activity, drugs, and sexual ex- their home countries to assist them in thoritative truth. The quest for factual perimentation are all symptoms of an developing good societies around the truth through scientific methods con- academy morally adrift. When scien- world. The Reverend Moon also sug- tains a universal legitimacy, transcend- tific methods alone are considered the gested the development of a world en- ing political party and religious de- source of truth, science may advance cyclopedia of knowledge and a world nomination. However, the Enlighten- but culture decays. The role of the Pro- network of universities. ment, which undercut the place of tra- fessors World Peace Academy is to The PWPA exists to help professors dition also left professors without a create a “New Cultural Revolution” take a leadership role in society. In the moral anchor. Nietzsche’s proclama- that will unite science and values, into modern scientific world, appeals to re- tion of the “death of God,” the involve- a harmonious oneness.

Outline of the Book This book is organized to correspond to the development of the PWPA-In- ternational. We begin with the Founder’s Message. Next we present PWPA-Korea, the birthplace of PWPA, and a parent chapter of the in- ternational network. This is followed by the history of PWPA Japan, the sec- ond chapter formed and the other par- ent of the international network. Then we discuss the development of PWPA International, covering the background and the first seven congresses of PWPA. The remaining pages list confer- ences orgainized by PWPA through- out the world. While incomplete, they Reverend C.H. Kwak, first Secretary-General of PWPA ,reads the Founding Declaration to the Founder at the First PWPA Congress in 1983. hint at the vast scope of PWPA activi- ties not presented in this book. INTRODUCTION 7

A Few Words of Encouragement to Professors on the Occasion of the First International Congress of PWPA

PWPA AND OUR RESOLUTION Reverend Sun Myung Moon, Founder December 18, 1983 The Little Angels Performing Arts Center Seoul, Korea

Honorable Chairman of this Interna- one is able to respond to such a sud- dinarily the sponsorship of this kind tional Congress, Distinguished PWPA den invitation, extended only a few of meeting is beyond the means of any Presidents from 72 countries and Re- days in advance. I believe you will individual or of any religious group; spected Members of PWPA—Korea: come to realize the historic and provi- it should be held under the auspices of I am pleased to have this opportu- dential meaning of this Congress and a government. Regrettably, no one nity to share with you some of my con- why it was so urgent for you to come seemed to be paying any attention to victions on the occasion of this Inter- here. this very important need. Therefore, I national Congress of PWPA. First of I have long thought that, in addi- determined to assume the responsibil- all, I would like to express my grati- tion to their scientific achievements, ity myself for organizing this interna- tude particularly to those PWPA Chair- scholars must be pioneers in the realm tional conference. This year marks the men who accepted my sudden invita- of conscience, inspiring mankind by tenth anniversary of PWPA as well. tion which was extended to you only their bold and determined actions. This Humanity today faces many dan- several days after the conclusion of the is absolutely required in order to cope gerous problems. The greatest of these Chicago ICUS at the end of Novem- with the problems of human history is the possibility of global war and ber. I know that all of you must have and to fulfill the ideal of mankind. nuclear disaster, which could occur been busy with previous planned With this in mind, I established the only too easily, amid the struggles, schedules and itineraries at this time International Cultural Foundation in confusion and conflict of ideologies, of year. Once again, I greatly appreci- 1968 and convened the first annual owing to the absence of a right value ate your coming here, interrupting all ICUS in 1972, despite the difficulty system. This threat results from the those busy schedules. Ordinarily no of financing it at that early stage. Or- misuse of scientific knowledge by

8 Professor World Peace Academy

various political and economic inter- as a mere tactic to realize unrighteous other values. As long as the special- est groups; while religion, which is ends, rather than viewed as an ideal. ized disciplines are pursued by sup- supposed to rightly guide the human True peace does not depend on such posedly value-free methodologies, and spirit, does not fulfill its appropriate tangible or external characteristics as as long as the standard of value dif- role. Such dangers threaten the very intelligence, wealth, social status, or fers from one individual to the next, survival of civilization. political power. So long as there is no where can we find the common stan- I founded the PWPA to be a absolute standard by which to judge dard necessary to realize the universal trailblazing organization at this criti- such worldly concerns, it will be im- human community that human nature cal moment in human history, able to possible to forge a lasting peace out has long been seeking? mobilize those intellectuals who have of the conflicts of interest among men The conception of “freedom” also devoted their lives to the advancement and nations in a constantly changing varies among individuals with differ- of human wisdom and enable them to world. Real peace can only be built ent standards of value, among societ- play a leading role in overcoming the upon the foundation of true love; and ies and nations, and among different dangers of the age and opening new loving relationships can only be expe- economic, social and political systems. pathways to world peace. The ultimate rienced by recognizing the absolute Then, who will remedy the manifold goal of PWPA is to help create a just values centered on God that bind hu- injustices committed in the name of and harmonious world order by en- man beings together. freedom? It is clear that human nature, couraging scholars to search for new I believe that the PWPA should be in its pursuit of the Good, requires a ideas and methods of achieving peace international, multidisciplinary, future- fixed standard of absolute goodness. and prosperity. The PWPA should pro- oriented and action-oriented. No single Moreover, the world is becoming vide scholars and other concerned discipline, no local prescription can smaller every day. As our world leaders with the resources they need solve the problems facing humanity in shrinks to a “global village” and the to solve the fundamental problems fac- this century. Mutual cooperation be- world’s peoples are challenged to over- ing humanity. yond national and regional boundaries come national, racial and religious As you may know, my path to the and interdisciplinary study beyond barriers and learn to live together in 12th ICUS was not an easy one. Pro- limited specializations are absolutely harmony, history demands that we es- viding such a large amount of funds necessary. tablish an absolute standard of value was an enormous task. What was even Science today has become over- as the only possible foundation of hu- more troublesome, however, was that specialized. The challenge of our age man unity. I encountered so much jealousy, un- can only be met by teams of experts If the world is to overcome its many just accusation and persecution, al- from a diversity of disciplines, coop- problems, it needs leaders. I sincerely though I was carrying out such a sig- erating to examine problems from hope that the member-scholars of the nificant endeavor for humanity at great various perspectives. In light of the PWPA will participate actively, not personal cost. I am happy to say, how- complexities of the modern world, the passively, in the search for and real- ever, that I am comforted by the sight solution of problems needs to be ap- ization of universal human ideals. The of so many distinguished scholars like proached from a more holistic, univer- PWPA exists not only for the advance- you from throughout the world who sal perspective. Therefore, it is not ment of the sciences, but also for the have responded positively to these ini- easy to organize and operate a scien- practical promotion of the well-being tiatives and who understand my genu- tific body that can meet these needs. of mankind, thereby differing from ine motivation. Unfortunately, the disastrous notion of most other scholarly institutions. Its Throughout history human beings a scientific methodology that is some- members should become social activ- have always desired a peaceful world. how “value-free” has been widely ac- ists, orienting their students in a posi- Yet conflict persists. Unfortunately, cepted as an ideal by scholars. As a tive direction, seeking to influence dictators and unscrupulous political result, in many cases evil men have public opinion and playing a leading leaders have frequently misused the schemed to misuse the findings of sci- role in public affairs. I encourage you word “peace,” proclaiming their entific research for their own selfish to grapple, in a non-violent manner, peaceful intentions, while in reality purposes, to the detriment of human with the most difficult and pressing exploiting, manipulating and oppress- welfare and of man’s highest ideals. social and philosophical issues of the ing people both inside and outside their Deeply troubled by this, I have been age, in order to provide humanity with own nations. The communists in par- trying to find alternatives centered on the leadership it needs to cope with the ticular are accustomed to use the word absolute value to solve the contradic- seemingly insoluble problems it faces. “peace” while constantly fomenting tions of our time through the ICUS. The goal of PWPA is to put ideals into violence and war. Absolute value is the axis of all the practice by generating new ideas by Often “peace” has been employed sciences, as it is the standard of all which peace can be realized and actively

FOUNDER’S ADDRESS 9

participating in the implementation. since publishers are more concerned Today, a scant 100 years after the ar- I have been planning for a long time with profit than with quality and con- rival of the Christian religion, the Ko- to establish an International Federation tents. This new project will cost a huge rean churches have astonished all of of Universities based on the extensive amount of money, but I am determined Christendom with the ardor of their network of contacts already created by that more than 3,000 books of the fin- faith. What is more important is that the International Cultural Foundation est quality will be published in the next all the higher religions have been har- and the PWPA. The time has now ten years. moniously assimilated by the original come to realize this, by establishing Now I will explain why I invited spiritual culture, resulting in a social first-class universities in 70 countries all of you to Korea to observe the Na- climate where all the different reli- on the six continents, where young tional Rallies for Victory Over Com- gions coexist and complement each people of all races and nations will be munism and to attend the First Inter- other without any conflict. Korea is educated as world citizens. I want to national Congress of PWPA. unique in this respect. Having consid- instill in them the ideal of a peaceful First, Korea has often been the vic- ered all these facts, we cannot avoid world where all human beings live as tim of foreign aggression throughout the conclusion that it is impossible for brothers and sisters, by promoting her long history. Located on a penin- communism to long maintain a foot- regular and extensive international sula, her geopolitical situation makes hold on this peninsula. I firmly believe exchanges of faculty and students, and her a bridgehead between the continent that, as surely as God exists, He will by sponsoring numerous collaborative and the ocean, and a strategic point for teach a lesson to the world by destroy- research projects with international the expansion of the great powers. ing communism through the Korean staffs. Even today the Korean peninsula is a people. I have already told the Senior Con- strategic area of confrontation between Third, Koreans are an energetic, sultants of the International Cultural the Eastern and Western blocs and is keen-minded, righteous people. With Foundation of my plan to compile and playing a frontline role for the free such a national character, they surely publish a great international encyclo- nations by holding off the impending cannot fail to grasp the significance of pedia, based upon a clear conception invasion by North Korea and Russia. historical trends and respond appropri- of absolute value. Although there are Korea is a worldwide testing ground. ately. Once Korean people come to many encyclopedias already in exist- The spotlight of world attention is fo- realize clearly the evil of communism, ence, this absolute-value-centered en- cused upon her, waiting to see whether they will immediately rise up and dem- cyclopedia is an indisputable require- she will become a casualty of commu- onstrate to the whole world a model ment for the younger generation. I nism or whether she will remain a national movement for Victory Over fully expect that it will take more than member of the community of free na- Communism. ten years to complete. All members of tions. From the providential point of Fourth, Korea is the meeting point PWPA chapters in the world are encour- view, I see the situation of Korea as a of the Oriental and Western cultures. I aged to contribute to this historic work. sort of microcosm, reproducing in think you will agree with me that many Another new project I am planning miniature all the major developments leading scholars are rather pessimis- is a new monthly magazine which is and confrontations of the age. Directly tic about the future of Western civili- scheduled to begin publication in Janu- or indirectly, all the major currents of zation and are awaiting a great era of ary, 1985. Its purpose will be to give world affairs, past and present, are religious and spiritual transition to people the knowledge and guidance converging on this peninsula. There- come. The increasing fascination that they need in order to lead better lives. fore, if these problems can be solved Oriental thought and Oriental religions Each issue of over 1,000 pages will in Korea, they can be solved world- have for westerners may be taken as feature articles of lasting interest. It wide. The resolutions and proclama- evidence that the harmonious unifica- will not be thrown away after a glance, tions made by the distinguished schol- tion of Oriental and Western cultures but will occupy a cherished place on ars from Korea and from abroad on this is an idea whose time has come. The bookshelves everywhere, and be fre- occasion are related to each of your fact that distinguished scholars from quently consulted as a wellspring of nations. Because they represent the around the world have come together wisdom and advice on every facet of interests of the entire world, they are here in Korea with the objective of human life. certain to have international impact. securing world peace and establishing Another project already being Second, Korea has a long tradition an ideal world illustrates this point implemented is the publication of of God-honoring culture and thought, very well. The existence of the PWPA high-quality books in large quantities and has enjoyed a rich spiritual life for and the ICUS, following the inspira- to educate people on basic social prob- nearly 5,000 years. Our ancestors con- tion of Reverend Moon, who was born lems. I understand that the number of structed a brilliant civilization based in the Orient, would have been un- books of enduring value is declining, upon Buddhism and Confucianism. thinkable in the past. It signals a ma-

10 Professor World Peace Academy

jor turning point in the intellectual his- protest against the communist ideol- It is an absolute requirement in this tory of mankind. It marks nothing less ogy. Some people may have felt that era that education for the coming gen- than the beginning of a new culture. this proclamation and my advice to eration be shaped by the firm moral The best short cut to achieving har- you on that occasion were too strongly convictions of their professors, who monious unification between the East expressed. Although one day may must communicate a clear sense of and West may be by means of a reli- seem very much like the next in the values. This must be the basic attitude gious ideology that seeks to realize a passing of time, there is such a thing of educators. From this point of view, “One-Family World” and “One Hu- as a crossroads, a watershed, a crucial the role of a professor is the same as man Brotherhood” with God as par- turning point in human history and that of a religious leader. We educa- ent. If the goal of the PWPA is to real- God’s dispensation. There is a time tors must assume the responsibility not ize world peace, and if all of us as that will never come again. There is a only for transmitting facts, but also for brothers are really serious about time for irrevocable decision and a sharing with our students the mean- achieving this goal by uniting intelli- time for crucial determination. That ing and purpose of human life. gence with conscience, we need today time is now. I give you this solemn I am convinced that a resolute de- a reawakening and a redetermination. advice as a result of my serious specu- termination on the part of the partici- A real and lasting peace for all man- lation about the future of humanity. pants in this Congress, grounded kind will never be achieved by hori- The National Rallies for Victory firmly in theistic beliefs, will enable zontal relationships between individu- Over Communism that you attended the PWPA to achieve its historic goal als holding different values. It will be in Korea can serve as a model that each and assure a decisive victory over achieved only through universal rec- one of your nations can imitate. If the communism in your countries. Once ognition of the absolute value of God. leaders of the Free World remain ir- again, I hope this Congress will make The fundamental obstacle to attain- resolute about communism, there will a definitive contribution towards the ing this ideal of peace is atheistic com- be no way to prevent the expansion and construction of a strong international munism. I want to make it clear that it world conquest that communism foundation for an alliance of all is not capitalism that God desires ei- dreams of. If professors do not confi- peoples for victory over communism. ther. However, communism is the first dently proclaim what is true and re- May God bless each one of your and greatest enemy of God-ism be- fute what is false, but remain aloof nations, and may He bless you and cause it rejects the very idea of God. from the struggle with folded hands, your families as well. Thank you. I already proclaimed at the Chicago to whom can we entrust the future of ICUS that scholars should actively the next generation?

FOUNDER’S ADDRESS 11

KOREA Goodwill Seminar The foundation of the Professors World Peace Academy in Korea dates back to the Korean-Japanese Goodwill seminar of professors in 1972. After meeting twice in July and August, pro- fessors of the two countries agreed that “Despite its highly advanced science and civilization, the world today has failed to harmonize the divine spirit with it, and is lost in darkness and con- fusion. In this regard, we need to have common arena where we can realize the Truth and Absolute Good in ac- tions, thus contributing to the creation of peace, welfare and a new culture, and also to propagate the outcome of our research.” PWPA-Korea Founding Meeting 1973 This wish of the scholars converged with the Reverend Sun Myung Moon’s the Hotel New Korea in Seoul by 168 with a vision and stratigies to achieve concept of a “Community of Intellectu- Korean professors. They elected Dr. a better world. als for World Peace” as part of his inter- Hang-Nyong Lee the first president. The following is an overview of the est in realizing a harmonious world. The PWPA has continuously con- seminar and lecture activities of After that, plans for the foundation ducted various academic activities PWPA-Korea. of an organization were made, and four since its foundation—monthly lec- founding meetings and several prepa- tures, annual academic lectures in lo- ratory meetings were held, organized cal areas and the sending of member Interdisciplinary by the Reverend Chung Hwan Kwak scholars to international conferences. at the request of the Reverend Moon. Symposium In 1978, five years after its foundation, Fundamental preparation was re- the PWPA became a full-fledged in- An Interdisciplinary Symposium is viewed and finalized, such as the writ- ternational academic organization by held once every year together with the ing of a constitution and programs of being registered as the “PWPA of Ko- Annual Convention to promote inter- activities. Finally on May 6, 1973, the rea Incorporated” at the Ministry of disciplinary research and also to en- PWPA was officially inaugurated at Education. hance scholarly exchanges between The PWPA concentrates its efforts the capital and the rural areas. to present basic policy directions for For example, on January 31, 1981, the future of the society, the nation and the 6th Annual Convention and the 7th the world by identifying and suggest- Lecture Meeting with Invited Guests ing solutions to pressing issues. It is was held at Hotel Shilla with about 300 composed of a community of intellec- member professors attending. Dr. tuals who assume highly objective and Sung-Kwon Shin (Director, Soviet Re- academic responsibilities. To achieve search Institute, Hanyang University) PWPA goals, the result of research on and Dr. Young-Un Kim (Dean, Gradu- various problems of modern societies ate School of Hanyang University) must lead to real solutions. The mem- gave keynote lectures on “Advancing bers of the PWPA must avoid the dan- Korea and the Future Development of ger of lingering on matters of imme- Nordpolitik” and “Korea Heading For diate interest. They must become the an Era of Internationalization in the Dr. Hang-Nyong Lee the first president subjects of history, who in fact lead it 21st Century” respectively. of PWPA Korea

12 Professor World Peace Academy

Korea-Japan Seminar on STATEMENT OF THE GOALS OF THE PWPA- High Technology KOREA Development & Transfer Mankind can enjoy true happiness only when world peace is guaranteed. The Concerned scholars and experts in divine spirit and unlimited intelligence which is bestowed on men should con- Korea and Japan have been promot- tribute to peace and welfare. Human history has progressed towards development and prosperity slowly ing a private-level cooperative system and steadily, thanks to the efforts and wisdom of those pursuing Truth and Good- among industry, government and ness. But in the course of history men often damaged their own dignity, by going academia for the development and astray from the ideals and obligations and becoming lost in chaos by failing to transfer of high technology between fulfill their responsibilities. Korea and Japan. In the Seminar held However, the intelligence and conscience of today is being seriously chal- in Seoul in July 1989 on the theme lenged. Human talents, materials and its cultural heritage which should be used “High Technology and Science in the for the good of human welfare, are utilized as dreadful tools of suppression against Year 2000”, presentations were made human beings. Remarkable works of progress in science and technology often on “High Tech Development Strategy become instruments of oppression, and culture and material wealth are very often in Japan” (Nobu Shiraki, Science and monopolized for egoistic self-interest and greed. Imbalanced and separated development disregarding the harmony and interest Technology Ministry, Japan); “High of the whole has brought about unexpected problems of various types of pollu- Tech Development Strategy in Korea” tion, raising the fears of the global destruction of nature. (Dr. Sang-Hyun Kyung, Director of Human society today is lost in dep ignorance about the problems involving the Korea Telecommunications Insti- oneself and others. Egoism and altruism, individuals and the group, one people tute); “Limitations of High Tech De- and mankind, a nation and the world — the world is in desperate agony, torn velopment & Transfer Between Korea between contrasting interests of these groups. and Japan and Ways to Promote It” Both in the East and the West, human beings suffer from spiritual conflicts and (Takeshi Hayashi, Professor at Daito unclear value systems, and they cannot find harmony among the contradictions Cultural College) and “Technology between soul and body, spirit and material and the ideal and reality. Transfer Mechanism of Multinational In this regard, we professors here establish the Professors World Peace Acad- emy to search for roads towards Truth and Goodness with our intelligence and Corporations & The Strategy to Cope conscience, and also to contribute “to the welfare and creation of a new culture With It” (Yong-Uk Chun, Professor at for mankind.” Chungang University). Even though our majors differ, the ultimate goal of our academic research is the same—world peace and the welfare of mankind. Therefore, we sincerely re- solve to expand exchanges, enhance cooperation, and faithfully carry out research Academy Breakfast activities through the PWPA, which is a common forum for all professors of the world. At the same time, we would like to attest to the fact that investment in Seminar academia is most rewarding, desirable and sure to bring about fruits, to the people Since 1981, the Academy Breakfast of the world through our activities. Seminars have been organized for mem- ber professors to help deepen academic understanding of various social, politi- cal, economic issues of modern society. National Development strategies for the development of Lo- After presentations are made by Ko- Symposium for Politicians cal Autonomous Administration and rean and foreign scholars, questions Financial Institutions” (Dr. An-Je Kim, and Scientists Dean of the Graduate School of Envi- and discussions are exchanged among Organized in 1988, the seminar pro- the participants. At the 35th Breakfast ronment, Seoul National University); vides academic understanding of im- Seminar held on February 25, 1989, “Development Strategy of the Local portant pending issues of the nation Hungarian Ambassador Sandor Etre Economy and the Role of Local Gov- and plays the role of a communication drew keen attention from some 150 ernment” (Dr. Dong-Se Cha, Director channel among political parties, poli- professors, lawmakers, journalists and Lucky-Gold Star EconomiwResearch ticians and scholars for the develop- entrepreneurs by presenting a paper on Institute) and “An Ideal Model of Lo- ment of administrative and financial “Issues and Prospects of Korea-Hungary cal Autonomy for Korea and Ways to and regional institutions. Economic and Diplomatic Policies.” Develop It” (Rep. Che-Tae Kim, Vice The second Political-Academic chairman of the Policy Committee, Seminar for National Development New Democratic Republican Party). and Policywlanning in April, 1989 dealt with such themes as: “Issues and

PWPA-KOREA 13

International professors lecture tour in Korea, 1986

Comparative Thought 1986, presentations were made on such cities as Pusan, Taegu, Kwangju “Heaven as Ruler in Chinese Thought” and Taejon to deal with local develop- Research Seminar (Professor Ki-Gun Chang) and “The ment issues. The seminar sponsored by Based upon the interdisciplinary Future of Comparative Religious Stud- the Chonnam Steering Committee on character of the Academy, subcommit- ies” (Professor Un-Bong Lee). “An Ideal Model of Local Autonomy tees were formed in the areas of the and Ways to Develop It” was a suc- humanities, social sciences, natural cessful example. sciences and the arts which have mem- Seminars and Lectures in In addition to those programs, the ber and non-member scholars as spe- cialists doing comparative studies and Local Areas Korea-Japan Economist and Manage- ment Round-Table Discussions. An research. Results of the research are Seminars and lectures are organized Ideology seminar to criticize the ma- presented and published. for members and the general public by terialistic thought of the Communist In the eighth seminar held in May, nine Local Steering Committees in viewpoint and the Citizen’s College Lecture Series since March 1981 have been very active.

Invitation of Foreign Scholars PWPA-Korea often invites scholars from abroad who can contribute to Korean academic development in vari- ous fields to participate in international conferences, seminars and other meet- ings, as well as to give lectures. The Academy also provides these visiting scholars with opportunities to broaden their understanding of Korea and Ko- rean culture. Up to 1989, about 1,200 scholars from 108 countries have visited Ko- rea at the invitation of the Academy. A PWPA-Korea International Seminar on Inflation, 1988 lecture meeting was organized in De-

14 Professor World Peace Academy

sue, the magazine became a pure sci- ence quarterly. The Academy Collection of Trea- tises has been published with collected academic papers of members from various fields. Beginning from Volume 8, the collection has been published in book form. Results of joint research are published as the Academy Series. As of now, 15 books have been pub- lished as the Academy Collection of Treatises and 11 books published in the Academy Series. Selected works of members have been published in order to support their research activities.

The International PWPA-Korea President Hang Nyong Lee awards the 1987 academy prize Conference on the Unity of the Sciences (ICUS) cember, 1988 to commemorate the 5th Professors Bong-Ju Kim (Chungnam The conference is organized annu- anniversary of the “Seoul Declaration University), Pyong-U Lee (Korea Uni- ally by the International Cultural Foun- of the World Congress of the PWPA”. versity) and Bang-Song Song dation, Inc. (ICF) with the main theme Under the main theme of “The Future (Yongnam University) were honored of “The Search for Absolute Values.” of the 21st Century Civilization and the with the prize. The ICUS is the largest interdiscipli- Role of Korea”, presentations were The prize was awarded to Profes- nary conference of its kind in the world made on “The Role of Korea in the sors In-Soo Son (Kyowon University), aimed at the restoration of unity among Turning Point of Civilization” by Pro- Chang-Bae Lee (Dongguk University) the various scientific fields and val- fessor Se-Hwi Sa (Tokai University, in 1990. ues. About 130 Korean scholars par- Japan), on “Historic Status and Future Every year in the fall the Academy ticipated in the ICUS conferences from of Koreans in China” by Professor Prize Nominating Committee sends the first meeting in Tokyo to the 17th Chun-Hwi Hahn (Yonbian History Re- official notices to the presidents and meeting in 1988. In 1981, Korea search Institute, China), and on “A Vi- deans of universities, to the chairmen hosted the 10th ICUS conference sion for the Next Two Decades Based of scientific communities and directors where 987 foreign scholars from 102 upon Observations of 2,000 Years of of research institutes requesting the countries visited Seoul. The 18th con- World History” by Dr. Alexander King nomination of candidates for the Acad- ference will be held in Seoul in 1991. (Chairman, Club of Rome). emy Prize. In a preliminary inspection About 600 scientists and scholars those nominated are judged in general from about 100 nations, including and the main jury examines the papers, Nobel Prize winners are regular par- Academy Prize books or other documentary submis- ticipants in the conference. sions of the candidates. The winners The Academy Prize is awarded each are announced at the Annual Conven- year by the PWPA to one or two mem- tion of the Academy. bers of the Korean academic commu- The International nity who “have made contributions to Conference on World the cultural development of the nation and to the peace of human beings Publications Peace (ICWP) through creative and outstanding aca- The monthly magazine Forum first Since the first International Confer- demic achievements.” Since its intro- published in 1973, covers a wide range ence on World Peace (ICWP) was con- duction in 1976 the prize, awarded to of fields and introduces in-dept stud- vened by the PWPA in April 1974, 20 between one and three scholars each ies on various topics and movements ICWP conferences have been held up year, has been given to 26 scholars. in local and international academic to 1990. The conference focused on At the 13th Academy Prize Award circles. With volume 197 of Forum in Asian regional problems but also em- Ceremony held on January 31, 1989, January 1990 as the last monthly is- phasized the world’s general security,

PWPA-KOREA 15

worldwide economic and technical co- operation, cultural exchange and pro- tection of the environment. Held in rotation between the Repub- lic of Korea, the Republic of China, Japan and the Philippines, Korea hosted seven conferences (the 1st, 4th, 6th, 9th, 16th and 20th). At the begin- ning, the conference had participants mainly from Korea, Japan, the ROC and the Philippines but participants now come from not only Asia but also from Europe and the United States. The following is the chronicle of the conference.

Joint Research on Peace Since the task of peace research is one of the important founding motives of the Academy, active research on peace issues have been carried out from the time of its foundation. Par- ticular attention was paid to the close and fundamental relationship between peace and values. Based upon the as- sumption that the pursuit of subjective and relative values alone would never lead to the realization of ultimate peace, research on absolute values will continue to contribute academically to the realization of a society of harmony, equality and love. Books entitled “The PWPA-Korea hosted the 9th ICWP: Korea: A Model Semi-Developed Country Search for a Peace Thought’, “Re- search on Peace Thought”, “World symposium was held to enable more with some 600 participants attending, Peace — Korea, East & West” and “A active exchanges with the communist including the chairmen of the PWPAs Proposal for Peace” were published. bloc nations. in 72 countries, some 30 observers and In 1988 the joint symposium under many Korean professors. The partici- the theme “Proposals for Korea-Japan pants in the congress adopted a reso- Joint Symposium for Joint Investment in China” was orga- lution expressing their determination Korean-Japanese nized by the PWPAs of Korea and Ja- to work together for world peace un- pan. der the leadership of Rev. Sun Myung Economists and Managers In the future, this seminar shall be- Moon, founder of the International Joint Symposium for Korean-Japa- come a liaison meeting where indus- Cultural Foundation. Since then, the nese Economists and Managers with try, academia and government may congress was held four times, every the intention of promoting better co- find channels of communication and other year until the present. operation among economists and man- cooperation. The fourth World Congress of the agers, the symposium was fist held in PWPA was held in 1989 in London 1985 in the form of a breakfast semi- under the theme: “Liberal Democratic nar. After the announcement of the The World Congress of Societies: Present State and Future Korean government’s Nordpolitik, an Prospects.” With an attendance of 350 PWPA active diplomacy towards Socialist scholars from 75 nations and 15 com- countries and the successful hosting of On December 18, 1983, the first mittees with 90 paper presentations, it the Olympic Games in 1988, a joint World Congress of the PWPA was held

16 Professor World Peace Academy

was a conference of high international Forming one world based on true Publications standard. love. It is a historic event that chairmen Forum of the Professors World Peace Aca- Community Schools Since the magazine “Forum” was demics have the first World Congress first published in June, 1973, the of PWPA here in seoul. It is also an The Community School was inau- monthly has dealt with a wide range amazing happening that we could gurated with the foundation of its of topics in general, while focusing on gather here so quickly for this event Headquarters in Seoul in February, some special issues when necessary while all the Korean people and hu- 1986 under the leadership of Rev. Sun through in-depth studies and analysis. man beings on earth are watching us. Myung Moon. The magazine was sent to 5,000 This is good proof that we are one in There are many underprivileged PWPA members and also to various body and in soul, and that we all des- people in modern society who are de- research institutes as part of study ma- perately yearn for world peace. prived of opportunities for education. terial exchanges up to December 1981 We know that we are faced with a The schools are aimed at providing since its foundation. Forum has made new crisis, in which the freedom and those youngsters with learning oppor- remarkable contribution to enhancing survival of human beings is threatened. tunities, as well as guiding their lives, the education of the general people by Communism has proved itself a cruel and also present visions for national publishing valuable articles on peace, tyrant while democracy also failed to re-unification through harmony among ethics and traditional values and present any alternative that can give people. Through the voluntary services thoughts by leading professors and in- us hope and courage. of professors, college students and citi- tellectuals. zens for the young workers and chil- Topics of joint research dealt with dren from poor families, a regional com- in magazine Forum included: “Theo- Unification Thought munity of love can also be realized. ries and methodology of liberal sci- We believe that Unification In three years after the establishment ence”, “Theories and methodology of Thought, a new value system sug- of the headquarters, 93 free evening natural science”, “The art of science”, gested by Rev. Sun Myung Moon pro- schools for secondary education “Modern understanding of study of vides us with a new and powerful vi- courses have been established across history”, “Issues in Korean studies”, sion for an ideal world of the future. the country. There are some 1,500 stu- “Reading and Library” and “Korean We are deeply grateful for this vision dents and 1,200 voluntary teachers at nationalism in the era of internation- as it has already exerted remarkable the schools, full of zeal to learn and to alization”. power, making conscientious people in teach, united in love for each other. From the 10th issue (January, many countries of the world to devote professors and community leaders in 19812), the magazine was put to sale their lives to world peace. the region provide the schools with for the general public, drawing a wide Considering the points mentioned spiritual and financial support. readership from all levels of social above the PWPA chairmen participat- Thus, as of 1989, 369 graduates of strata. Changes occurred not only in ing in the first World Congress resolve the community schools have passed all the form of distribution but also in the the following: the subjects of the qualifying exams content of the magazine. Overcoming the all barriers of his- for college entrance, and 21 passed col- While retaining the columns to en- tory, race, culture, and territorial lege entrance examinations. Teachers hance peace and academic activities, boundaries at the schools broaden their experi- Forum offered more spaces for articles To construct an ideal world based ences through training trips to Japan on current issues and photos. The upon trust twice a year. photo section “Global Village in Pic- We solemnly swear and resolve be- In addition to the community school tures” was especially popular as the fore the whole world and mankind to courses for middle and high school stu- photo section carried many impressive go forward to achieve the goals of: dents, community colleges for adults pictures sent by the monthly magazine Being proud of one sovereignty are operated, tailored to the needs of “The World & I” of the Washington Being proud of one people the region. As part of these lifetime Times. Being proud of one land education programs, a wide variety of The monthly “Forum” became a Being proud of one language and topics are dealt with for housewives, quarterly with volume 197 (January, culture elderly people, farmers, businessmen, 1990) as its last monthly issue. At the Being proud to be the children of and other residents of the community. present, quarterly Forum is published one God At the moment, 30 community col- as a purely academic journal. leges are in operation throughout the Being proud to have one tradition, In retrospect, there has been many nation. sufferings in the 18 years history of and

PWPA-KOREA 17

Forum. However, the powerful orga- In this regard, magazine Forum a collection of treatises by professors nizational support of the PWPA and feels even heavier responsibility for on liberal arts and humanities, natural strong financial backup of the Inter- the future. science and arts, as well as results of national Cultural Foundation has made seminars on comparative study of it possible for the Forum to become a Ilnyum Press thoughts and on special topics pro- leading magazine for the intellectuals posed by monthly Forum. After Fo- The publishing house “Ilnyum in the nation. rum went into sale in January, 1982, Press” (President: Dr. Se-Won Yoon) Without the efforts of publisher Dr. Ilnyum began to expand areas of pub- was founded to support academic Hang-Nyong Lee and Editor-in-Chief, lication to broader themes including projects of the PWPA which aimed at Dr. Se-Won Yoon, Forum could not series “Ilnyum Good Books” and “New pursuing absolute values through har- have been so successful. The coopera- Books on Religion”. mony between science and values, tion of so many contributors, support Ilnyum Press has published 58 through interdisciplinary researches, of the readers, dedication of the edit- books so far—15 collections of trea- and developing an ideal education ing staff and the determination of the tises, 11 books in a series, 24 good model so that the research results can management—all these factors lie be- books and 8 religious books. Follow- be linked to practical problems. hind the successful publishing of Fo- ing is the list of the publication. Consequently, Ilnyum has published rum for the past 18 years.

Publications of PWPA-Korea

18 Professor World Peace Academy

JAPAN Major Activities * International Activities International academic exchanges and cooperation — Participation in the International Conference on the Unity of the Sci- ences (ICUS) — Invitation of foreign scholars, ex- changes with foreign scholars — Dispatch of Japanese scholars to international conferences abroad

* Academic Activities Interdisciplinary, future-oriented re- search activities — Comprehensive research projects (on Asia, on global goals), Planning of symposia, etc. PWPA-Japan Organizing Meeting, September 28, 1974 — Research and publication activities

* Publications STATEMENT OF GOALS OF PWPA-JAPAN Report on research results, publica- tions dealing with social needs Half a century has passed since Oswald Spengler (1880 - 1936) prophesied the fall of — Monthly journal Knowledge Western civilization. It has become a reality today, yet ironically and tragically, the one — Domestic & International Confer- which has failed the most dramatically and was damaged most seriously is not the West but ence Report (in English and our country, Japan, in East Asia. The basic reason for this is that the Japanese people having been so busy absorbing Japanese) Western civilization that they neglected the traditional Oriental spirit and at the same time, — Books failed to comprehend the essence of the Western spirit underlying the civilization of Europe. Our missions are clear. First, it is to devote ourselves to the pursuit of truth as scholars. * Meetings The pursuit of truth means the struggle against falsehood. We must expose falsehood and Domestic academic exchanges deception and lead people toward truth in accordance with our scholarly conscience. Our second mission is to recognize the limit of human capacity without undermining — Table talks, symposia, research our scholarly enthusiasm for truth. There is a Hebraic concept in the West that man is cre- meetings are organized by area ated by God. This idea has gradually begun to lose influence in modern times, and the idea of man’s omnipotence is gaining prevalence. This explains partially the fall of Western * Organizing activities civilization. The concept of man as a creation of God, however, is still persistent in the West, and is Returning academic achievement to a positive force sustaining its civilization. There is no such concept in the Orient, where society through cooperation with Hebraism had little influence. various sectors Instead, there was an idea which identified man with nature, or considered man as a — Routine discussion meetings are or- part of nature. Our goal is to harmonize the Hebraic concept of man as a creation of God and ganized in cooperation with the Oriental view of nature, and to achieve reconciliation again with the universe. We scholars of Japan should cooperate with our friends in neighboring Asian coun- industrial, educational and other tries, and disseminate our message to the world, i.e., that we should adopt the mind of the sectors universe as our own through the pursuit of truth.

* PR activities September 28, 1974 Publicizing activities, providing academic information — Production and distribution of Masatoshi Matsushita Academy News, brochures and President, PWPA-Japan video films. PWPA-JAPAN 19

Report on Major Activities The PWPA-Japan was organized on September 28, 1974 by 134 professors following the proposal of Rev. Sun Myung Moon. Dr. Masatoshi Matsushita was elected first President of the PWPA-Japan. Since its foundation, the Interna- tional Conference on World Peace (ICWP) has been organized in rotation by the PWPAs in Korea, Japan, the Republic of China and the Philippines. The PWPA-Japan has dispatched rep- resentatives to the International Con- ference on the Unity of the Sciences (ICUS) every year. Research projects were started in 1976, and the results of research ac- tivities were published in a report “The Era of Internationalization and Japan.” Between 1979 and 1982, the PWPA- Japan organized Interdisciplinary sym- posia every year and monthly Policy Research Meetings. The Global Goal Research Project which was begun in 1983, was reorga- nized in 1986 to become the present Global Environment Department where environmental experts carry out research activities. The international research project on East Asia was most actively imple- mented for three years between 1986 and 1988. The project dealt with Ko- Third International Conference on World Peace, “Crisis in Asia and New Prospects,” rea in the first year, China in the sec- 1974 ond year and the East Asian commu- nity in the third year and an interna- ence on World Peace on the theme — “The Future of Technology and Civi- tional symposium was held at the end “The Obstacles and Scenarios in lization” edited by Eisaburo Nishibori of each year. Forming an Asian Community in the — “The Pursuit of Peace and Values” by Pacific Era”. Twenty-eight foreign the Japan Committee of the 9th In the international symposium held scholars from 9 countries took part in ICUS at the end of 1988, some 400 scholars — “The Future of Science and Mankind” attended, including 36 scholars from the conference. A new 5-year international research by the Japan Committee of the ICUS the Republic of China and 6 from Ko- rea. The participants had sincere dis- project on East Asian history was * Report on the International Confer- cussions and presented positive pro- started in 1989. Racial and cultural ence on World Peace (ICWP) posals to form an East Asian commu- roots of East Asia will be the main — “What Does Asia Expect from Japan?” nity. topic of the new research project. edited by Kinichiro Toba Since April 1988, monthly round — “Creation of a New World Order” by table talks of the International Confer- Major Publications the PWPA — “Crisis in Asia and New Hopes” ence on the Unity of the Sciences * Report of the International Confer- — “Strategies for Peace” edited by (ICUS) have been held on the main ence on the Unity of the Sciences Michimasa Irie theme of “Science and Values.” (ICUS) — “Mythology of Peace — What is True In July 1988, the PWPA-Japan or- —“Challenges in the 21st Century” ed- Peace?” ganized the 19th International Confer- ited by Shigeo Gurebayashi — “The Pacific Era” (in English) edited

20 Professor World Peace Academy

Tetsushi Furukawa (Honorary Professor of Tokyo Univer- sity, Professor at Asia University)

* September 1974 Foundation Convention of the PWPA-Ja- pan. 134 founding professors estab- lished the Constitution, elected offic- ers and Matsushita Masatoshi (ex- President of Lipkyo University) be- came the first President * December 1974 The Third ICWP held in Tokyo Theme: “Crisis in Asia and New Pros- pects” Participants: Korea - 21, ROC - 18. USA - 1, Japan - 80

1975 Academy News * June 1975 The First Round Table Talk in the by G. Scarella Sendai Area On sale at major book stores, mailed to — “Emerging Asia — The Role of Japan” Beginning with the “Meeting of Scholars members (in English) and Intellectuals” in Sendai, local activi- — “The Obstacles and Scenarios in ties were carried out in Nagoya, Osaka, * The Academician Forming an Asian Community in the Sapporo and Fukuoka Founded in July 1982 Pacific Era” (in English) Suspended in 1988 * September 1975 * Final Report of the National Goal The Fourth ICWP was held in Seoul Research Project Theme: “The Future Aspect of Asia and — “Creation of a Global Civilization” Major Activities the Changing World” edited by the PWPA 1974 Participants: 17 scholars including — “The Modernization Revolution of * April 1, 1974 Teisuke Toyota Chinese Socialism” The First International Conference on * December 1975 — Report of the International Research World Peace (ICWP) was held in Seoul The Fifth ICWP was held in Tokyo Project on East Asia Theme: “World Peace and Asia” Theme: “Strategy for Peace” — “Ancient Korea (Chosun) and Japan” Participants: 16 scholars including Participants: 36 each from Korea, ROC by Pyong-Shik Park and others.

Journals * Academy News (Bi-monthly) Founded in September, 1974 Vol. 96 as of July, 1989 Mailed to 3,000 members

* Quarterly Academy Founded in January, 1976 Vol. 17 as of January 1980

* Knowledge (quarterly, then monthly) Founded in April, 1980 (By changing the title of Quarterly Academy) Became monthly from January, 1985 (Editor in Chief: Katsuhiko Takeda, Professor at Waseda University) Vol. 92 as of July 1989 (Vol. 5 No.8 in monthly)

Journal Chisiki (Knowledge)

PWPA-JAPAN 21

Science and Technology” Chairman: Katsuo Imamura (ex-Pro- fessor of Defense College)

1980 * April 1980 The Quarterly Academy was renamed Knowledge * August 1980 The Tenth ICWP was held in Taipei Theme: “In Search of a New World Order” Participants: 14 scholars including Naruo Kashibe (Honorary Professor of Tokyo University) * December 1980 The 2nd Interdisciplinary Symposium Theme: “In Search of A New World Order: Creative Initiatives of Japan” Chairman: Nobuo Nakamura (Director The Eighth ICWP, Tokyo, 1978, “The Pacific Era: Issues for the 1980s and Beyond” of Technoventure)

1981 and USA, 7 from other 1979 * July 1981 countries, 80 from Japan * July 1979 The Eleventh ICWP was held in Tokyo The Ninth ICWP was held in Seoul Theme: “Modernization: Asian Per- 1976 Theme: “Korea: A Model Semi-devel- spective” * January 1976 oped Country” Participants: 50 scholars from 12 coun- Foundation of Quarterly Academy Participants: 20 scholars including tries, 60 Japanese * September 1976 Tetsuo Kakeyama (Dean, Kinki Col- * July 1981 The Sixth ICWP was held in Seoul lege). President Matsushita delivered International Symposium commemo- Theme: “National Culture and World the closing remarks in Korean. rating the 7th Anniversary Peace” Theme: “Encounter of Different Cul- Participants: 8 scholars including Yasuo * December 1979 tures — What does Asia Expect from Yuasa (professor of Osaka The First Interdisciplinary Research Japan?” University) Conference (IRC) Participants: 200 (50 foreigners) * October 1976 Theme: “Re-Evaluation of Modern * November 1981 Symposium commemorating the 2nd Civilization—in Search of a Frontier in The Tenth International Conference on anniversary of its foundation Theme: “A Review on the Politics in Japan” Reporters: 6 foreign correspondents stationed in Japan

1977 * September 1977 The Seventh ICWP was held in Taipei Theme: “Asian Regional Security and the Free World” Participants: 11 scholars including Katsuo Sato (Professor at Aoyama Kakuei College)

1978 * August 1978 The Eighth ICWP was held in Tokyo Theme: “The Pacific Era: Issues for the 1980s and Beyond” Participants: 31 scholars from 11 coun- Members of PWPA-Japan dine with Founder Sun Myung Moon at the Los Angeles tries, 28 Japanese ICUS in 1979

22 Professor World Peace Academy

the Unity of the Sciences Participants: 60 Japanese scholars in- cluding Masaki Nakajima (Director of Mitsubishi Research Institute) — Organized International Symposium Theme: “Dialogue between Science and Religion” —Report Meeting on the 10th ICUS

1982 * July 1982 Foundation of The Academician The 12th ICWP was held in Seoul Theme: “Vision for Asian Peace in the Eighties” Participants: 15 scholars including Shigeo Kamada (Professor at Tokyo University) * October 1982 Symposium on textbook issues Theme: “Essence of the Textbook Is- sues and Basic Posture of Japanese Diplomacy”

1983 * May 1983 Interdisciplinary Symposium Theme: “The New world Order and the Role of Japan” Training Trip to the USSR and Eastern Europe * August 1983 The 13th ICWP was held in Taipei Theme: “International Cooperation in East Asia” Participants: 9 scholars including Ipei Yamajawa (Professor of Hitotsubashi University) * September 1983 Symposium on Peace Research Theme: “How to Overcome the Crisis The Eleventh ICWP was held in Tokyo,1981,“Modernization: Asian Perspective” of War” * December 1983 Participants: 38 foreign and 150 Japa- Training Trip to the Middle East (13 * September 1984 nese scholars days to Egypt & Israel) Symposium commemorating the 10th Participation in the World Congress of anniversary of its foundation * July 1985 PWPA in Seoul Theme: “The Creation of a Global Hiroshima Branch organized a sympo- Civilization” sium on the reform of education 1984 “The Meaning of Education in Mod- * August 1984 1985 ern Days” —Proposals for education The 14th ICWP was held in the Philip- * March 1985 reforms by entrepreneurs pines The First Symposium on Peace Re- Theme: “The Role of East Asia in search 1986 World Peace” Theme: “Peace and War in the Nuclear * April-May 1986 Participants: 6 scholars including Age—Everything about SDI” Committees were formed for interna- Tetsuya Kataoka (Professor at Tsukuba * July 1985 tional research on East Asia University) The 15th ICWP was held in Tokyo (1) Culture/History Committee * September 1984 Theme: “Asia-Pacific in the 21st Cen- “Japan’s Reception of Korean Bud- The Citizen’s College marks the 50th tury: Searching for Co-existence and dhism—Dokoku Buddhism” Group in 15 years Co-prosperity”

PWPA-JAPAN 23

The 15th ICWP, Tokyo, 1985, “Asia-Pacific in the 21st Century: Searching for Co-existence and Co-prosperity”

(2) Security Guarantee Committee * December 1986 Hitomaro” “Basic Concepts in Approaches— De- Mid-term symposium of international * December 1987 terrence and Crisis Management, etc.” research on East Asia Mid-term symposium of international (3) Economy Committee “Dynamics in East Asia—Korea full of research project on East Asia “Korea’s Conglomerates and Business Energy” Theme: “New Development in China — Management” its Significance for East Asia and the (4) Science/Technology Committee 1987 World” “Climate and Acceptance of Technol- * April-June 1987 ogy in East Asia” Academy Branches were set up at 1988 * July 1986 Hiroshima University, Hokkaido Uni- * April 1988 The 16th ICWP was held in Seoul versity, Kyoto University and Tofuku Committees were set up for international Theme: “The New Discovery of Asia” University research on East Asia Participants: 8 scholars including * July 1987 (1) General Committee Takashi Fujii (Professor at Nagoya Mr. Nobuyuki Fukuda took office as the “Prospects of East Asia Seen in the Kore- University) second President of the PWPA-Japan. ans living in Yonbian, northeast China” * July 1986 * October 1987 (2) Culture/History Committee International Professors Touring Lec- Symposium on Korean Research “Studies on Japanese Race concerning tures in 50 locations throughout the Theme: “Ancient Chosun and Japan — Immigrants” nation about the birthplace of Gaki Nomotono (3) Politics/Strategy Committee “Status in North Korea and Prospect of the Korean Peninsula” (4) Economy Committee “Prospect of China’s International Rela- tions” * August 1988 The 7th International Professors’ Tour- ing Lectures were held in 52 locations Theme: “World Order in the 21st Cen- tury and New Visions” Participants: 66 lecturers from Korea, Japan, USA, Great Britain, Greece and Hungary. * October 1988 Nine community Schools were founded throughout the nation—in Akida, Fukujima, Chiba, Tokyo, Kawasaki, Yokohama, Osaka and Nagoya. Theme: “Promotion of Cooperation among East Asian Countries in the Pa- cific Era” A panel session of the 19th ICWP, held in the Keio Plaza Hotel in Tokyo Participants: ROC - 36, Korea - 6, Hong

24 Professor World Peace Academy

A display of books published by PWPA-Japan

Kong -1, Japan - 350 Newspapers such as Yomiuri, Sankei, To- kyo, Mainichi carried articles on the symposium. * December 1988 East Asian Seminar on Unification Thought was held for one week Participants: ROC-36, Korea-6, Japan- 19

1989 * May 1989 Hokkaido Branch organized the sympo- sium on East Asian research Theme: “Korea in the Future—What should Japan do?” Speaker: Kinichiro Toba (Professor at Waseda University) * July 1989 The 19th ICWP was held in Tokyo Theme: “The Obstacles and Scenarios in Forming an Asian Community in the Pacific Era” Participants: 28 foreign and 250 Japanese scholars Major newspapers such as Nikkei, Sankei Professors listen at a reception hosted by PWPA-Japan. Professor Fukuda, President and Yomiuri carried articles on the con- of the chapter is on the left. ference.

PWPA-JAPAN 25

Rev. Moon is a very charismatic suffer from the problems of excessive Comments from but mysterious man who implants specialization in sciences and the loss noble ideals in us and drives us to take of fundamental viewpoints in this radi- Dignitaries actions. Rev. Moon teaches us about cally changing world. The PWPA is an human nature not with words but by organization of scholars, regardless of making us feel it. their major areas, to overcome such a phenomenon. * Rokuro Kano (Dean of the Den- The common and ultimate goals of tal College, Tokyo Medical College) science and the arts are not to express We are facing many problems now, oneself but to become an objective most of which are very complicated medium by overcoming oneself. In and entangled with each other. They this regard, science and the arts are the cannot be solved by one specialized same as religion. By the same token, area. In the Professors World Peace intelligence and soul are not two sepa- Academy, professors gathered from its rate things. The orientation of the uni- foundation regardless of their major verse, the meaning of history and the fields. As we can see in the interna- purpose of human life — all these must tional research on East Asia, the out- be the basis of spiritual awareness, for Nobuyuki Fukuda come of the research activities are re- science to have any meaning at all. The markable achievements from the inter- PWPA is a crystallization of wisdom disciplinary point of view. We hold and energy to enhance the future of high expectations of their future activi- those who have this awareness. *Nobuyuki Fukuda (President, ties. PWPA-Japan) * Kunihiko Watanumi (Professor at All religions are concerned with the * Kaoru Hongo (Dean of Kogakuin Tokyo University) fundamental issues of human life, and College) The 12th International Conference history shows us that a people and a The Professors World Peace Acad- on the Unity of the Sciences was held nation without religion have perished. emy is highly valued not only for its in November, 1983 in Chicago. The The Unification Principles clarified by interdisciplinary and global viewpoints theme of the conference was “Abso- Rev. Sun Myung Moon identify basic but for its attention to changing, exter- lute Values and the New Cultural principles of mankind and the uni- nal aspects as well as to universal and Revolution.” Committee Six of the verse, the dark human existence, thus, internal aspects. I hope there will be conference on international environ- they surpass the dimension of one re- more active achievements in the future. mental issues dealt with the problem ligion but they provide us with new of carbon dioxide and methane gas. I views on history and future prospects. * Hikoyuki Yamaguchi (Professor attended the meeting by a strange en- The Unification Movement sympa- at Komajawa University) counter. It was at that meeting that I thizes with the innate human nature “to The prominent activities of the met Rev. Moon for the first time. The live together with others”, thus, clearly PWPA, which has carried out research themes of the ICUS and the ICWP presenting the significance and value based upon East Asian countries such were aimed at establishing new ide- of life. as Korea, Japan and China are highly ologies for mankind to be able to imag- The PWPA or ICUS conferences, as regarded especially as world attention ine the new world. There are many part of the Unification Movement, are is focused on the Asian region these things that we should learn from them. great in that they are powerful in at- days. I hope that the PWPA will con- The ideas were ahead of the times, and tracting fundamental elements of tribute much to peace and development they were creating concepts and ide- scholars with different backgrounds in Asia by utilizing PWPA’s interna- ologies for the development and pros- and varying thoughts. Scholars have tional organization. At the same time, perity for mankind in the third millen- been drawn together overcoming all I would also like to express my sin- nium, and they were searching for new the differences in nationality, major ar- cere respect and appreciation to Rev. attitudes to overcome race, nation and eas, and different backgrounds. It is an Moon for his leadership in founding unprecedented achievement in the aca- and guiding the PWPA. demic history of the world that so many scholars have discussed together * Hisayoshi Watanabe (Professor at the very fundamental issues of man- Kyoto University) kind. Universities and colleges of today

26 Professor World Peace Academy

Developing the PWPA-International Network Professors World Peace Academy develop their ideas for the benefit of International, on the foundation of Pro- the world community. Following Rev- fessors World Peace Academy Korea, erend Kwak’s talk were reports about Professors World Peace Academy Ja- activities of PWPA chapters which had pan, and the International Conference already begun in Korea in 1973, Ja- on the Unity of the Sciences, was able pan in 1974, Europe in 1979, and the to begin a series of planning meetings United States in 1978. at the annual ICUS conferences. The The second PWPA International primary organizers of these meetings planning meeting was held at the Tenth were Chung Hwan Kwak, Chairman International Conference on the Unity of ICF, Professors Richard L. of the Sciences in Seoul, Korea on Rubenstein and Morton A. Kaplan November 12, 1981. In his speech at who served as Presidents of PWPA- the President Hotel, the Reverend USA, and Hugh D. Spurgin, assistant Chung Hwan Kwak explained that to Reverend Kwak and Secretary Gen- branches of Professors World Peace eral of ICF. Academy were being set up through- The first planning meeting was held out the world and that persons inter- at the Ninth International Conference ested in joining should do so through on the Unity of the Sciences in Mi- A landmark in the development of PWPA their national or regional PWPA ami, Florida on November 29, 1980. International was the planning meeting branch office. He announced that the The Reverend Kwak opened the meet- held at the 10th ICUS in Seoul, 1981, Reverend Moon provides funds to ing with an address in which he agreed when Chung HwanKwak invited PWPA branch offices for activities. He that “the consensus of ICUS partici- professors to start national chapters in their own countries. emphasized that, while national activi- pants is clear: we need to put ideas into ties were autonomous, the professors practice.” He explained that the Rev- expressed his hope that Professors should not forget international coop- erend Moon had founded the Profes- World Peace Academy could help eration and long term goals based on sors World Peace Academy for this members of the academic community universal ideals discussed at the Inter- very purpose. Then Reverend Kwak

Professor Richard L. Rubenstein addresses prospective PWPA-International leaders at the 1981 meeting in Seoul.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL 27

Africa. The next month, March 13-14, a similar meeting was held at the Hotel Bolivar in Lima, Peru for twenty-four professors from twenty-one nations in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. The group included three university presidents and two former presidents. The professors who came from diverse fields including Law, Medicine, Psychology, Philoso- phy, Education, Physics and Chemis- try, commented that the diversity was a testimony to the vision and univer- sality of the work of the Reverend Moon. Generally, the participants at the meeting became presidents or vice- African PWPA leaders meet with Dr. Hugh Spurgin in the Ivory Coast in February presidents of the new chapters. The 1982 meeting was so successful that Mr. Spurgin was confident that forty ac- national Conference on the Unity of spoke about the objectives and activi- tive chapters would be formed by the the Sciences. ties of the Academy and Hugh Spurgin end of the summer. After the second planning meeting, discussed concrete plans for the for- A conference titled Paix et the PWPA Directors determined to es- mation of chapters. Dr. Alexander Ohin Developpement was held at the H6tel tablish forty Professors World Peace from Lomé, Togo, who served the Invest Okapi in Kinshasa, Zaire, April Academy chapters throughout the World Health Organization for Africa, 24-26, 1982. G. Edward Njock, Pro- world by the end of 1982. Pursuing this and Professor J. Olubi Sodipo, Vice- fessor of Mathematics at the Univer- goal, Reverend Kwak and Hugh D. Chancellor of Ogun State University sity of Yaounde, Cameroon, served as Spurgin undertook travels to different in Nigeria were among the distin- the regional chairman. Mr. Gregory regions of the world to help organize guished African scholars to throw their Novalis, the ICF representative in chapters with professors there. support behind the formation of Pro- Zaire, served as Secretary-General. On February 13 and 14, 1982 Afri- fessors World Peace Academy chap- The proceedings of this conference, can professors and the ICF represen- ters. At the end of the meetings the par- published in French by the Interna- tatives from fourteen nations met in ticipants signed a declaration of intent tional Cultural Foundation, was one of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Reverend Kwak to establish national PWPA chapters in the first publications of the newly forming international network. On May 1-2, the next organizational meeting was held in Istanbul, Turkey with sixteen professors from fourteen nations in the Middle East and North Africa. Representatives of ICF from twelve countries participated. The host for the meeting, Kasim. Gulek was for- merly Minister of State for Turkey and had served as Chairman of the United Nations Commission on Korea in the 1950’s. His fondness for the Reverend Moon and his vision has inspired him to make numerous offerings to Rever- end Moon personally and to ICF and its staff members since its formation. Another pillar of support to promote Professors World Peace Academy ac- tivities in the Islamic world was Pro- March 13-14 meeting held at the Hotel Bolivar in Lima, Peru

28 Professor World Peace Academy

fessor Mohamed Fadhel El Jamali, who assisted in the formation congress of the United Nations held in San Fran- cisco and signed the convention on be- half of Iraq. He headed the Iraqi del- egation to the UN until 1958 when the regime in Iraq was changed. He has since served as professor at the Uni- versity of Tunis. Although he could not personally attend, he was actively rep- resented by Abdullah Fadhel Fara.

The names of the primary PWPA speakers at Philadelphia ICUS in 1982: Hang Nyong Lee Korea Nobuyuki Fukuda Japan Richard L. Rubenstein United States Gerard Radnitzky Germany Reverend Kwak met with PWPA members from the Middle East in Istanbul, Turkey in A. M. Adjangba Togo May 1982 Salvador P. Lopez Philippines Mateo Casaverde Rio Peru work laid for many new chapters of operated as a division of the Interna- Jean Charon France PWPA through the meetings which tional Cultural Foundation, was incor- Joseph Ben-Dak Israel were held throughout the year. Follow- porated in Washington, D.C. and an in- G. Edward Njock Cameroon ing the speech were reports from 29 ternational office was established in Kasim Gulek Turkey speakers to provide an overview of the New York. John David Frodsham Australia Jeanne Tchong-Koei Li Taiwan development of Professors World The Twelfth International Confer- Lynette France Guyana Peace Academy worldwide. ence on the Unity of the Sciences, Percy Lowenhard Sweden 1983 was a year of incorporation which was held at the Chicago Marriot Umberto Gori Italy and activities for many of the newly Hotel, November 24-27, 1983 was the J. Olubi Sodipo Nigeria formed PWPA chapters. The Profes- occasion for no less than twelve Pro- W. Theo Roy New Zealand sors World Peace Academy, which had fessors World Peace Academy plan- Padmasiri de Silva Sri Lanka Sultan Abou-Ali Egypt Guido Pincheira Chile Sofronis Sofroniou Cyprus Kivuto Ndeti Kenya Abdullah Fadhel Fara Tunisia Seri Condar Nainggolan Indonesia

The fourth organizing meeting was held in Manila, the Philppines, July 28- 30. The meeting included representa- tives from the whole Asia-Pacific area including the Indian subcontinent. Fifty professors from fourteen coun- tries were present. Many of the prov- inces of the Philippines were repre- sented. At the ICUS meeting in Philadel- phia on November 27, 1982, the Rev- erend Kwak spoke about the ground- Reverend Kwak and Professor Kaplan report on PWPA International Development at the 1983 ICUS Confreence in Chicago in 1983

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL 29

ning meetings to occur. In addition to The “Statement of Organiza- a PWPA International meeting which tion Purposes” of the Corpora- included a speech by Reverend Kwak tion follows: and reports and questions by interna- 3.1 The purpose of the Corpora- tional leaders, the meetings included tion is to promote world peace by an international advisory board meet- encouraging members of the aca- ing, a meeting by PWPA-Africa lead- demic community to participate in ers, four meetings of PWPA-USA, a conferences, seminars and research planning meeting for a conference in programs on the advancement of Panama, a presentation on the Japan- world peace which are sponsored by Korea tunnel project by PWPA-Japan, the Corporation. To this end the Cor- and a meeting of PWPA members in- poration is organized: 3.1 (1) To operate exclusively terested in launching a new journal. for charitable, educational and re- In Chicago, the International Jour- search purposes within the mean- nal on World Peace was named and a ing of Section 501 (c)(3) of the preliminary list of contents approved. Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as Panos D. Bardis, professor of sociol- amended (the “Code”). ogy at the University of Toledo, Ohio, 3.1 (2) To raise funds and re- was chosen to be the editor-in-chief ceive contributions to further its and Ms. Barbara Shapokas was com- goals. missioned to design the journal. The first issue of International Journal on 3.1 (3) To organize and conduct World Peace, published in Fall 1984. The Reverend Moon took note of research and educational pro- grams, to conduct conferences, to the Professors World Peace Academy publish and distribute books, pam- activity. Shortly after the ICUS, meet- a week of lectures throughout Korea phlets and other literature promot- ing in Chicago he called Professors and the holding of the historic First In- ing world peace. World Peace Academy representatives ternational Congress of PWPA. from over seventy nations to Korea for

PWPA members meet to plan the launch of International Journal on World Peace at the Chicago ICUS. Those present were (clockwise) Karl Pribram, Richard L. Rubenstein (not visible), Theo Roy, Barbara Shapokas, Andrew Reck, Alexander Shtromas, Peter Van den Dungen, Joseph Ben-Dak, Hugh Spurgin, Marcelo Alonso, Kivuto Ndeti, Lloyd Motz, Panos Bardis (editor), Lloyd Eby, and Gordon Anderson (not shown).

30 Professor World Peace Academy

PWPA International Congresses After the Professors World Peace Academy international network was established in 1983, with its headquarters in New York, International Congresses were organized as a forum where del- egates from around the world could meet to discuss major social issues of the time. International congresses have featured world experts on the topics under discussion and have provided an opportunity for delegates to share reports about how the issues affect their own countries. Each congress has published books which have been available to the wider academic community through Paragon House Publishers.

PWPA International: The first big project was the Geneva second meeting in 1981 as were the Morton A. Kaplan, President Conference in 1985 on “The Fall head of the majority colored party and of the Soviet Empire.” The Rever- a representative from Inkhata. Unfor- end Moon approved it, he predicted tunately, enemies of peace leaked to that Communism in Russia would the South African press and huge begin to collapse in three years. headlines stating that Reverend Moon Most people thought he was wrong, was meddling in South Africa led to but events made his prediction look the collapse of the effort despite the good. The next big conference was successes we had achieved. The truth held in 1987 in the Philippines on is that Reverend Moon never asked Chinese Communism. And the fi- more than, “Were the meetings suc- nal conference in this series was cess?” When I wanted a similar meet- held in London in 1989 on the pros- ing on the Middle East, Reverend pects for liberal democracy world- Moon stated that he would be blamed wide. Since then there have been for talking to the Palestinian Libera- impressive conferences on the fam- tion Organization, even though I was ily and on the subject of character the one who wanted to include them. and identity. Another is being held But when I explained the reasons, Morton A. Kaplan on the global economy in the year Reverend Moon agreed to support the The Professors World Peace Acad- 2000. These conferences will ex- project despite the price that would emy represents one of Reverend plore issues that make society be paid by him in terms of his rela- Moon’s important efforts to improve strong so that moral individuals will tionship with Jewish groups who the prospects for peace in the world be nurtured. Each builds on ideals were opposed to the PLO. Unlike the The Japanese and Korean chapters toward which Reverend Moon is South Africa case, however, the par- were formed simultaneously to im- leading us. ties never agreed to come. prove relations between Korea and Reverend Moon personally It has been my good fortune to wit- Japan, two nations with a history of helped me to work for peace. He ness Reverend Moon’s unceasing ef- war and bad feelings. The American sponsored two private conferences forts to work for peace despite the ef- chapter was the third Then the net on South Africa in which represen- forts of enemies to accuse him falsely was spread to more than 100 states tatives participated in detailing the and to undermine his efforts. He has with the organization of PWPA In- principles of a non-racial constitu- never been daunted and has always ternational. The founding meeting tion. The head of the constitutional selflessly worked for peace and jus- was in Korea where the members planning branch of the Prime tice and against bigotry, hatred, and pledged to work for peace under God Minister’s office was present at the violence.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 31

PWPA International Congresses 1983-2000 First International Congress Founding Meeting, Seoul, Korea, 1983. Second International Congress “The Fall of the Soviet Empire,” Geneva, Switzerland, 1985. Third International Congress “China in a New Era: Continuity and Change,” Manila, Philip- pines, 1987. Fourth International Congress “Liberal Democratic Societies: Their Present State and Future Prospects,” London, UK, 1989. Fifth International Congress “The World of 2042: Technological Development and the Future of Society,” Seoul, Korea, 1992. Sixth International Congress “The Future of the Family,” Seoul, Korea, 1995. Seventh International Congress “Identity and Character,” November 1997, Washington, DC USA Eighth International Congress “Globalization and the Economy: The Effects on Politics, Society, and Family, Seoul, Korea, 2000.

32 Professors World Peace Academy

THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PWPA A short five days after the Interna- Dec. 14, Masan (20,000) Dr. Rich- Professor of Politics, University of tional Conference on the Unity of the ard L. Rubenstein, Distinguished Salford (United Kingdom) Sciences (ICUS), which convened in Professor of Religion, Florida State Dec. 22, Jeonju (12,000) Dr. Abjul Chicago, November 24-27, 1983, lead- University (USA); Tetsuo Elawahl, Director of Institute of ers of Professors World Peace Acad- Kageyama, former Ambassador to National Planning (Egypt); Dr. emy (PWPA) worldwide were sud- Korea from Japan (Japan) at rallies. Kasim Gulek denly invited to Korea by the Rever- Dec 16, Daejon (12,000) Dr. Dec. 23, Kwangju (10,000) Dr. Jo- end Sun Myung Moon for the First In- Nagendra Rijal, Former Prime Min- seph Ben Dak, Professor of Politi- ternational Congress of PWPA. What ister of Nepal; Dr. Morton Kaplan, cal Science, Haifa University (Is- followed was an exhilirating and fruit- Professor of Political Science, Uni- rael); Fr. Petro Bilaniuk, Emeritus ful ten days, including an unexpected versity of Chicago (USA); Dr. Ri- Professor of Theology (Canada) eight-city whirl-wind tour, December chard L. Rubenstein The trememdous turnout for the ral- 14-23, 1983, in which the founder of Dec. 17, Daegu (12,000) Dr. lies was due to the fact that the Ko- PWPA, Reverend Sun Myung Moon, Donald P. Drover, Government called for an ideological victory over rean people seemed to have perceived Chief Scientist (Australia); Dr. Ri- the profound need to strengthen their communism. defense against North Korea in light of the shooting down of the Korean airliner and massacre of government officials in Burma. Professors from seventy-two nations, representing al- most the entire free world, offered their overwhelming support to the work of resolving the dangerous situation of the world through their commitment to the goals of the PWPA. In the midst of the speaking tour, on December 18, the professors gath- ered for the First International Con- gress of PWPA which was held at the magnificient Little Angels Performing Arts Center in Seoul. Flags from all seventy-two nations adorned the stage enhancing the spirit of a world-wide PWPA Founder Sun Myung Moon speaks at First International Congress academy of scholars devoted to inter- Each professor participated in one national peace. The momentous occa- chard L. Rubenstein. sion began with opening remarks by of the two planned itineraries, attend- Dec. 18, Seoul (40,000) Dr. Morton ing the rallies and banquets. Many be- Dr. Hang Nyong Lee, president of Kaplan. PWPA in Korea. Dr. Morton Kaplan, came actively involved either by giv- Dec. 19, Busan (15,000) Dr. Theo chairman of the First Congress, spoke ing congratulatory remarks at one of Roy, Professor of Political Science, on the topic: “PWPA and World the rallies or by presenting their own Waikato University (New Zealand); Peace.” He reminded the professors message at one of the evening ban- Dr. Morton Kaplan that this crusade in Korea was a “cru- quets. The cities visited, the audiences Dec. 21, Chungju (15,000) Dr. sade that all of us can join in whether attended and the speakers are listed as Kasim Gulek, Former Vice Premier members of the Unification Church, follows: of Turkey; Dr. Alexander Shtromas, or members of some other Christian

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 33

religion, Jews, Buddhists or others, Remarks given at tech methods. This was not reported in the American newspapers. Finally, there were sharing this broader framework of ide- celebration of PWPA expressions of student discontent. als.” Reverend Moon then presented First World Congress, In the light of these events, the Rever- the founder’s address, “PWPA and Our end Moon wanted to offer a demonstra- December 18, 1984 tion of international and interreligious soli- Resolution.” Col. Bo Hi Pak who served as Master of Ceremonies intro- darity with the Korean people at a particu- larly difficult time in their history. He duced the entertainment beginning wanted to urge the Korean people to be with an overview of Reverend Moon’s calm and to work together for the values work through a technologically inno- which they hold in common. vative slide and video presentation He was also responding to an economic called multi-vision. The Little Angels phenomenon. The problems facing Korea performing arts students gave a per- are largely those which experts in econom- formance of traditional Korean dance ics or international affairs would identify as resulting from rapid industrialization. as a spectacular finale. Since the communization of the North and A special highlight of the the technological progress of the South, professor’s visit was an evening at the the South has not only overtaken the North, home of Reverend and Mrs. Moon. Dr. Richard Rubenstein but it has also surpassed almost every Eu- Their house is situated on the top of a Past President, PWPA-USA ropean nation. An example of Korea’s hill with an all-round view over Seoul. progress is the full-page ad placed by the I first learned of the Congress at a luncheon Korean firm, Gold Star, in today’s New Everyone was personally welcomed on December 5, 1983 at the Madison Ho- York Times, December 18, 1984, in which by their hosts. A home-cooked tradi- the company declares that Japan is not the tel in Washington, DC. I had very little tional Korean meal was served after time. I wasn’t sure how Dr. Betty only rising star in the Far East—that Ko- which Reverend Moon answered per- Rubenstein would react. When I told her, rea is also rising. This was the context in sonal questions at length. He con- she said, “I know about this; it is part of which Reverend Moon wanted to demon- cluded by asking the PWPA professors what you have to do.” And so on Decem- strate to a people who have always appre- ber 10th I met Neil Salonen in Los Ange- ciated wise men that wise men could to take a clear stand, and to give them- les, and from there we flew to Korea. Dur- gather and unite for peace across national selves for the sake of the world….Use and religious boundaries, showing their ing the next eight days, the other partici- your power and influence for the sake pants and I spoke in eight different Korean fellowship with the people of Korea. of goodness and righteousness…. Be- cities. As many as 20,000 people came to On December 18th, in Seoul’s Little fore communism takes over the world, hear the Reverend Moon at some of these Angels School, founded by the Reverend we’ve got to defend this free world and meetings. Moon, there was a convocation chaired by our values.” At the end of the evening These mass meetings were held in large Professor Morton Kaplan, who gave the coliseum-type structures to which people main address. It was the first international a very significant event took place. convocation of the PWPA. came from all over Korea. At these meet- Each professor signed a document en- The give-and-take principle was dem- ings, representatives of seventy-two na- titled, “A Resolution and A Pledge.” tions, usually the presidents of the various onstrated on this occasion by the Rever- This pledge serves as a statement to national PWPA’s, were seated on the stage. end Moon responding to the willingness, the world of their resolve to continue It was quite cold at the time but, wherever under unexpected circumstances, of not to support the work of ensuring world he went, the Reverend Moon was greeted just a few professors from one country but with enthusiasm. of professors from literally every part of peace with “a powerful new vision of In order to understand why Reverend the world to join him. He committed him- a God-centered world.” self to the support of PWPA worldwide. Moon decided on such short notice, to in- vite professors from all over the world to This in turn has manifested itself in an ex- come with him, it is important to under- traordinary growth of PWPA, all over the stand the political situation in Korea at the world. time. Shortly before our meetings almost On the basis of what I have seen in the the entire Korean Cabinet had been assas- Philippines, Europe, Korea and Japan, we sinated by North Korean agents. The North are witnessing something radically new. Koreans were very proud of ths bloody Academics of every discipline are coop- deed, which closely followed the downing eratively applying their intelligence to the of the Korean passenger jet #007. In addi- problems of their countries and to those tion, a number of North Koreans had been of the world. Moreover, they are doing sent by one-man submarines to infiltrate so across national and religious lines. the South with the goal of causing maxi- The energizing element behind this has mum possible disorder with the latest high- been the Reverend Moon.

34 Professors World Peace Academy

A full capacity audience responded to the message to build a world of peace at the Chamsil Stadium during the PWPA rally in Seoul in 1983.

Reverend Sun Myung Moon, founder of PWPA, inspired the Dr. Hang Nyon Lee, president of PWPA-Korea, offering his professors gathered at the 1983 Congress with his vision for a opening remarks at the Welcom Banquet for international world of peace and harmony. professors .

Professor Alexander Shtromas occupied a high position in the Dr. Bo Hi Pak, special assistant to Rev. Moon, translating the USSR before his emigration to the West. He is an expert on the speech of Professor J. Ben Dak who was called to introduce Soviet Union and has been, since his emigration, a professor in Rev. S.M. Moon at the First Congress in 1983. England and in the United States. He is here speaking to a crowd of 15,000 in Chung ju, Korea in 1983.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 35

A banquet in honor of PWPA representatives at the famous Many distinguished Koreans attended the banquet offered in Little Angels School in Seoul at the historic 1983 meeting honor of PWPA representatives at the First Congress.

Dr. Morton Kaplan, chairman of the First Congress, spoke on Reverend and Mrs. Moon pose with professors at their home on the topic: “PWPA and World Peace.” December 18, 1983.

International Delegates at the First international Congress With great charm and affability, Reverend Moon answered at review and sign the “Resolution and Pledge.” length the questions of the professors he was hosting.

36 Professors World Peace Academy

A RESOLUTION AND A PLEDGE Signed by Professors from Seventy-Two Nations On the occasion of the First International Congress of the Professors World Peace Academy in Seoul, Korea on December 18, 1983

The First International Congress of the Professors World Peace Academy, attended by PWPA presi- dents and other leaders from every part of the world and meeting in the nation of Korea, is an histori- cal event.

It is remarkable that this Congress could be organized in so short a time and be carried out so success- fully before the watchful eyes of the people of Korea and, indeed, the entire world.

Our presence here is eloquent testimony to the passionate desire for world peace that unites all of us.

We sadly observe that humanity faces a new crisis-this time of monumental proportions-that: threat- ens both freedom and indeed the very existence of human civilization. Communism has been ex- posed as tyranny, but the democracies have also failed to rally the world toward alternatives that inspire hope and courage.

We applaud the bold, daring, and innovative mission of the Rev. Sun Myung Moon to inspire men and women in every part of the globe to meet the crisis. His teachings, known as Unification Thought, offering a powerful new vision of a God-centered world, are already motivating conscientious men and women in all lands to devote their lives to the quest for world peace and a redeemed humanity. We are grateful to him for what he has already done and for his continuing efforts on behalf of all humanity.

On this auspicious occasion, we proclaim our resolve to work with the Rev. Moon towards the estab- lishment of a God-centered world of universal fellowship and harmony in which the terrible wounds of the past arising from differences of history, culture, nationality and race will be bound up and healed. Towards this noble end, we the representatives of the PWPA’s of the countries attending this First International Congress hereby affirm the following ideals:

1. The universal reign under God of justice and good will. 2. The brotherhood of all humanity under God. 3. A world united under God in peace. 4. A new, religiously-inspired humanity. 5. A new God-centered world civilization founded upon love and heart.

We solemnly proclaim before God and all of humanity that we will strive towards the achievement of these ideals.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 37

The Second International Congress of PWPA

“The Fall of the Soviet Empire”: Prospects for Transition to a Post-Soviet World The Inter-Continental Hotel, Geneva, Switzerland. August 13-17, 1985

The Second International Congress of PWPA was the first national conference on “The Fall of the Soviet Empire” to in a trilogy of congresses designed to examine contempo- the Reverend Moon, who was, at the time, sitting in Danbury rary social systems. This congress looked at the Soviet sys- prison on charges of tax-evasion. Reverend Moon, on the tem, the next the Chinese, and the third was Liberal De- basis of his religious convictions, had predicted the fall of mocracy. At all of these Congresses there were 10-15 pan- Communism within 70 years of its establishment in Russia els with about 90 expert paper presenters. PWPA delegates because it did not address the reality of human spiritual and from 100 countries around the world added to the richness moral life. He was excited by the proposal and agreed to of these events. sponsor the congress. Switzerland was chosen as the site of Of all the congresses, none was more closely guided by the conference because it was a neutral country and a bridge the Founder or gained more international attention than the between East and West Europe. Second. In 1985 the As the congress Cold War continued. was organized, a Most people, includ- number of leading ing sovietologists, Sovietologists recom- expected the world mended that the tilte order to continue to be changed to a more be dominated by the academic sounding rivalry between two title; “Prospects for superpowers. Almost Transition to a Post- no one expected the Soviet World.” One collapse of the USSR famous scholar com- in the near future. mented that scholars In 1984, Alexis were not in the busi- Rannit, an emigrated ness of predicting the Estonian poet teach- future, but under- ing at Yale Univer- standing what has sity, sent a letter to been. When Reverend PWPA president Moon saw conference Morton A. Kaplan letterhead with the re- stating that all em- vised title, he was pires are destined to fall, it is just a question of when and adamant, “I agreed to support a conference on ‘The Fall of how. The Soviet Empire was the last of the old style em- the Soviet Empire’, he told Professor Kaplan. Thus, the pires. It should be studied so that its collapse could be peace- original title stood with a subtitle. ful and the peoples it dominated could enter into the mod- The congress was in every way a success. One partici- ern world with the least stress. Alexander Shtromas, a mem- pant who came as a CIA intelligence gatherer said several ber of PWPA in the United Kingdom, supported this idea. years later, “The conference not only more accurately pre- Trained at the University of Moscow and a party lawyer dicted what was to happen in the Soviet Union than any and ideologue, he claimed to be “the last Marxist in Rus- other source, but I believe it also help shape the unfolding sia” and that he had lost faith in 1957. Emigrating to the of the system in a more peaceful way than may have other- UK in 1972 because he was outspoken against the hypoc- wise happened.” The conference was liberating and thera- risy and no longer wanted by the leaders in Russia, he peutic for many of those political emigrants who felt no claimed to have found more Marxists in England. He too hope for a return to their homeland. People began think believed the system was about to collapse. think about a positive future for Russia that overshadowed Morton Kaplan took the proposal to hold a major inter- the heaviness of an oppressive and corrupt empire.

38 Professors World Peace Academy

A Description of the Academic Conference by the Organizing Chairman Professor Alexander Shtromas For the first time in the history of West- Two Major Themes ern scholarship, a full four-day con- Thematically, the Second Interna- ference, at which over eighty papers tional Congress was divided into two were presented, concentrated exclu- major parts. The first part consisted of sively on prospects for transformation the First Plenary Session and Panel to a post-Soviet world; for the first Nos. 1-6. They discussed the Soviet time, a large group of prominent schol- system and its ability to face up to the ars assembled to analyze the data es- evolving general crisis which it is ex- tablished by their thorough research periencing on an ever-increasing scale. efforts with a view to exploring The second part, consisted of the Sec- Russia’s alternative futures. ond Plenary Session and Panel Nos. This endeavor responded to the best 7-12. They discussed possible critical traditions of creative empirical schol- situations which may provoke a sys- arship. Factual knowledge of the So- temic change in the Soviet Union, and viet, or any other system, coupled with the alternative system likely to emerge knowledge of its history, provides a Professor Alexander Shtromas in the aftermath of such a change. Ac- reasonable basis for projecting pos- cordingly, one could give to each part sible behaviors of the system in dif- of the conference its own brief subtitle, ferent possible situations, as well as tremely ambitious task. Together with “The Coming Crisis” for the first part, the possible impact of internal or exter- a multi-volume proceedings for pub- and “The Alternative” for the second. nal interventions. Such an endeavor is lication, it laid a solid foundation stone Both plenary sessions dealt with the to be distinguished from unsubstantiable for furthering the studies of the Soviet Soviet system in general terms, prophecies about the future, and also Union’s future and for eventually trans- whereas the panels explored its spe- from the trivial, direct extrapolations forming these studies into a regular and cific elements, such as the economy, of “scientific” forecasting. institutionalized scholarly activity. We ideology. law, multi-nationalism, etc. It goes without saying that the or- took the first, and the most difficult, step ganization of this conference was a for- in this all-important direction. midable and, sometimes, daunting task. The participants of the academic program knew from their own experi- ence how much opposition they had to surmount, and pressure to with- stand, in order to be present at the Congress. Our thanks therefore go to the participants. Without their endur- ance and determination to put the scholarly value of this event above all other considerations, there would be no conference for us to chair. Profound appreciation is due to the late Aleksis Rannit, a great poet, out- standing scholar, and a wonderful man, whose idea and dream this conference was and who, as Organizing Co-chair- man, devoted his last days to making it a success. We set for this conference an ex- The Hotel Inter-Continental in Geneva PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 39

Part I: The Coming Crisis tion of a device unifying the Soviet Panel 1 elite into a monolithic whole? These Economics and Demography questions were discussed to establish The problems of Soviet economy how prone the Soviet Union is to a and economic management are central systemic change or, to a change of the for the assessment of the stability and elites. viability of the Soviet system. The fate of the regime largely depends on how successful it will be in coping with mounting economic as well as demo- graphic and environmental challenges. This panel scrutinized the current Panel 3 Chairman: state of the Soviet economy and de- Maurice Friedberg mography, focusing specifically on University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign aspects such as the “second economy,” agricultural production, military Panel 4 needs, etc. which best exemplify the Deviation and Dissent vulnerability of the Soviet economic This panel concentrated on the au- system. The discussion centered on the Panel 2 Chairman: thentic social attitudes and orientations measures needed to deal adequately Stanislaw Andreski of individuals and certain social groups with Soviet economic problems. Is University of Reading (e.g. the working class). The problems there a “within-system” solution for of Soviet delinquency, crime and cor- these problems or are they, in the ruption were discussed in terms of present framework, insoluble and Panel 3 their sustaining and their destabilizing poised to provoke, whether tackled or Cultural and Ideological Dimen- effects on the present regime. Special not, a systemic breakdown? sions of the Crisis attention was paid to Soviet dissent. The Soviet Party-state claims that How widespread is it? How represen- it accomplished a cultural revolution tative are the dissidents of the Soviet in which the “moral-political unity of population? Could dissent develop the Soviet people” has been achieved into an outright political opposition, and irreversibly consolidated. To what challenging the Soviet rulers? extent have the Soviet people accepted the communist ideology of the Soviet Party-state? This was the main ques- tion under the panel’s deliberations. It is a question of crucial importance since the whole legitimacy of the So- Panel 1Chairman: viet Party-state rests on the validity of Philip Hanson that claim. University of Birmingham There were a variety of views on that subject, ranging from a qualified acceptance of the official Soviet claim Panel 2 about the monolithic unity of the Party Chairman Panel 4: and the people to its full rejection. Roger Kanet The Frictions Within the Soviet Elite While discussing these controversies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign According to Plato, a polity is safe and stable as long as its elite is united, main attention was paid to a realistic Panel 5 but as soon as the elite becomes di- assessment of the state of Soviet offi- The Imperial Factor vided and breaks up into conflicting cial ideology and culture and of the The Soviet Union is a multi-na- factions, the polity run by that elite is implications of the USSR’s authentic tional state and, some would say, an doomed to failure. How united is the ideological-cultural situation for its empire in its own right. In addition, it Soviet elite? What is the relationship stability. rules over a number of formally sov- between its different structural ele- ereign states. The Soviets claim that, ments? How effective is the institution some difficulties notwithstanding, they of nomenklatura in fulfilling its func- have managed to solve the national-

40 Professors World Peace Academy

ism problem, achieving a state of har- economy and society of the changes well as to the reception of Soviet law mony. The panel explored the validity involved, evaluated. by that system will be discussed in a of this claim and assessed multi-na- general framework, and also in respect tionalism as a factor affecting the sta- of each separate branch of Soviet law. bility and viability of the Soviet Party- state.

Panel 7 Chairman: Alec Nove University of Glasgow Panel 9 Chairman: Panel 5 Chairman: J.M. Ferdinand Feldbrugge Victor Terras Panel 8 University of Leyden Brown University Ideologies and Religions: Prospects for Pluralism in Russia Panel 6 This panel attempted to discern the Panel 10 The International Factor features of the real Russia now hid- Russians and Non-Russians: Is a The East-West confrontation deter- den under the mask of the Soviet com- Consensus Possible? mines the international environment in munist state. What is the authentic The possible fate of Soviet multi- which the Soviet Union and its depen- ideological and cultural identity of the nationalism in the post-Soviet period dencies exist. How does this confron- Russian nation? How would it express was the subject of this panel’s exami- tation affect the Soviet Union? What itself if an ideological tolerant state re- nation. What use would the different risks for its stability are involved? placed the present Soviet communist nations of the USSR make of their What policies should the West pursue one? Would the Russian society be right to self-determination? What are with regard to Soviet stability? What able to evolve a pluralist pattern un- the prospects that they could use this are the wider implications of Sino- der a nationalist regime, and how dis- right in the first place? The panel paid Soviet strife? criminatory would such a regime be special attention to the problems of the to the proponents of Western liberal relations between Russians and non- ideas? Russians. Relations between certain non-Russian nations of the USSR were considered. The areas of potential con- flicts were reviewed and the possibil- ity of resolution of these conflicts ex- plored. The specific problems of ac- commodating Russia’s Jewish minor- ity were a sepaate important area of the panel’s discussions. Panel 6 Chairman: Robert F. Byrnes Indiana University Panel 8 Chairman: Andrzej Walicki Australian National University Panel 7 Economic and Demographic Panel 9 Alternatives The Law: What Has To Be Abol- The work of this panel was devoted ished and What Can Be Retained to the discussion of the possible alter- This panel’s main task was to es- native economic, demographic, and tablish the lasting value of the codes Panel 10 Chairman: environmental policies. The potential of Soviet law. The problems related to Leopold Labdez for implementing such alternatives the use of Soviet law in the period of Survey was assessed and the effect on the transition to a post-Soviet system, as PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 41

Panel 11 Alternatives for Soviet Dependen- cies in Eastern Europe and Else- where Political change in the Soviet Union has a profound impact on the present world order. In the first place, it will affect Soviet dependencies. This panel considered the implications of politi- cal change in the Soviet Union for other communist countries. The dis- cussion was conducted on a region- toregion basis, although, in certain cases, it concentrated on separate countries. One country singled out for special discussion was Poland.

The venue of the Second International Congress of the PWPA in 1985 was the Inter-Continental Hotel in Geneva, elegant and impressive.

Geneva International Congress Noted By Lynne Bettis Panel 11 Chairman: R.V. Burks Wayne State University The Professors World Peace Soviet system and its ability to Academy held its second Interna- deal with “the evolving general Panel 12 tional Congress on August 13-18 crisis which it is experiencing.” New Russia and the World in Geneva, Switzerland. The The first plenary session fo- What would the post-Soviet world theme of the meeting was “The cused on the Soviet Union in the be like? How would the new Russia Fall of the Soviet Empire: Pros- context of Russian history and accommodate herself in the world or- der? How would the present pattern of pects for Transition to a political philosophy. Speakers in- East-West and Sino-Soviet relations Post-Soviet World.” Approxi- cluded Michael Voslensky of the change? The panel considered these mately 270 Soviet studies experts Max Planck Institute in Munich questions with a view to evolving a vi- and PWPA leaders representing on “The Soviet System: An His- sion of an alternative world order and the 90 PWPA chapters around the torical and Theoretical Evalua- determining whether it will be more world attended. tion”; R.V. Burks of Wayne State stable and peaceful than the present one. According to organizing chair- University on “The Coming Cri- man Dr. Alexander Shtromas of sis in the Soviet Union”; Mikhail the Department of Politics and Agursky of Hebrew University, Contemporary History at the Uni- Jerusalem on “Russian National- versity of Salford, England, the ism and Soviet Communism: purpose of the meeting was to Amalgamation or Conflict?”; Ri- concentrate on prospects for chard Lowenthal of the Free Uni- transformation to a post-Soviet versity of Berlin on “Beyond the world. Institutionalized Revolution in the Panel 12 Chairman: The first part of the program USSR and China”; and W.W. Ilpyong J. Kim was devoted to discussion of the Bartley, III of Stanford University University of Connecticut

42 Professors World Peace Academy

on “Alienation Alienated: The Economics of Knowl- or activities which have to be conducted by con- edge vs. the Psychology and Sociology of Knowl- spiratorial means.” edge.” Continued Shtromas, “It considers patience to be The first series of panels discussed various aspects the most important political value, is unequivocally of the Soviet situation including economics and de- committed to the rule of law, and relies on impact- mography, frictions within the Soviet elite, cultural ing ongoing processes of social and political devel- and ideological dimensions, and the international opment which will, in a natural and spontaneous way, factors. decide the fate of the Soviet system of rule.” The second part of the conference examined pos- Papers from the Geneva conference will be as- sible critical situations which might provoke a sys- sembled into a publication available through PWPA temic change in the Soviet Union and alternative or Paragon Press. systems which might emerge should there be such a change. Among the speakers at the second plenary session were Alexander Shtromas on “How The End of the Soviet System May Come About: Historical Precedents and Possible Scenarios”; Vladislav Krasnovv of the Monterey Institute of Interna- tional Studies on “The Images of the Soviet Future: The Emigre and Samizdat Debates”; and Maurice Friedberg of the University of Illi- nois at Urbana-Champaign on “Au- thentic Russian Values and Aspira- tions: The Literary Evidence.” The panels discussed possible al- ternative scenarios in the Soviet world should a crisis dissolve the present system. Topics included eco- nomic and demographic alternatives, prospects for ideological and reli- gious pluralism in Russia, the legal system, Russia and its minorities, alternatives for Soviet dependencies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, and the new Russia and the world. Commenting on Marxist ideology and Soviet dissent, Shtromas said that on the whole, the Soviet dissi- dent movement is based on political moderation. “It totally rejects politi- cal violence, vehemently opposed having any blueprints for an alterna- tive organization of society and does Program of Second International Congress not even believe in political struggle

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 43

Professor Alexander Shtromas put all his academic expertise Professor Eugene Kamenka of the Australian National and his personal experience as a Soviet emigre to bear in University, historian of note, was one of the distinguished organizing the Second International PWPA Congress on the plenary speakers at the Second International Congress of the Fall of the Soviet Empire. (August 1985) PWPA.

Renowned Professor Richard Lowenthal, of the Free Dr. Michael Voslensky is a Soviet emigre who moved to the University of Berlin, during his plenary address. Seated from Max Planck Institute in Munich. Dr. Voslensky is famous for left to right is: E. Kamenka, D. Hammer, M. Agursky, B. coining the term Nomenklatura to describe the Soviet elite. Meissner, W. Bartley and Nicholas Hayes.

ICF President Neil A. Salonen, opening the First Plenary Plenary session of the Second International Congress, Inter- Session of the Second International PWPA Congress in Geneva Continental Hotel, Geneva, 1985. There were over 250 in August participants who came from more than 80 countries. 44 Professors World Peace Academy

Professor R.V. Burks, of Wayne State University, Detroit, a Professor Edward Shils, a plenary speaker at the Second plenary speaker, predicted in 1985 that the Soviet Union would International Congress, was to play a major role as a soon face industrial strikes similar to those Poland was facing consultant in the planning of the Fourth PWPA Congress of in the beginning of the 1980’s. 1989.

Lively discussions continued during the coffee break and many The break-up into smaller committees provided opportunity for friendships were renewed or made at the Second International more in-depth discussion by specialists. Here experts at the PWPA Congress held in Geneva, August 1985. Second PWPA Congress in Geneva, 1985, discuss the economic and demographic dimensions of the Soviet Crisis.

Panel 12, “The International Factor.” In the front, second to Rev. Kwak congratulates an equally happy Alexander Shtromas the right is PWPA President Morton A. Kaplan, who edited one on the successful completion of the remarkable Second volume which came from the congress. International PWPA Congress.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 45

A GREETING TO THE REVEREND SUN MYUNG MOON FROM PWPA PROFESSORS AT THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Intercontinental Hotel, Geneva, Switzerland, August 18, 1985

Almost two years ago, on December 18, 1983, you hosted tyranny, want, and despair. We want to rekindle the ideals presidents and leaders of the Professors World Peace of humanity and to seek a world of peace founded upon Academy from seventy-two nations at the First love and heart. It is our conviction that the PWPA can International Congress of PWPA in your homeland in actively promote a new cultural revolution that respects Korea. At that time a resolution was made which marked the dignity of all human beings. a historic new beginning for PWPA International. Today, Thirteen months ago, you entered prison and became August 18, 1985, we are witnessing the conclusion of a symbol of protest against religious intolerance and the Second International Congress of PWPA in Geneva, Switzerland. Despite your incarceration between the First and Second International Congresses, your unstinted support has aided the rapid expansion of PWPA projects throughout the world. You have helped the Academy to sponsor the activities of over 70 national chapters, and have supported the publication of a new journal, International Journal on World Peace. Now we have witnessed one of the most comprehensive conferences on the Soviet system ever to take place. This could not have happened without your support. The expansion of activities, culminating in the Second International Congress, has established Professors World Peace Academy as a substantial organization in the work Gordon L. Anderson watches as Ndaywel-E-Nziem from Zaire for world peace. signed a greeting to the Reverend Moon who was released from At the First Congress, it was acknowledged that prison on that day. The letter was telexed to him at the “God and while “Communism has been exposed as tyranny, Freedom Banquet” in Washington,D.C. democracies have also failed to rally the world towards alternatives that inspire hope and courage.” At racial bigotry. Your example has inspired others to work this Second Congress we have learned in detail how for a world free of such indignity. Your suffering has not Communism became tyranny and we have heard gone unnoticed. Today we wish to send you a greeting proposals for alternatives for a new and more peaceful from Geneva, Switzerland and express our joy in your and prosperous Russia. Further inspired by the success release. We want to reaffirm our desire for many more of this In-ternational Congress, it is our determination fruitful years of cooperation with you in the work for a to make PWPA a major force for bringing a message of new and peaceful world. hope and courage to a world that has experienced

The professors gathered at the Second International Congress sent a telegram of enocuragement to Andre Sakharov who was then in exile in Gorky. The text of the telegram is reproduced here:

Academician Andrev Sakharov Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Gorky, USSR

Dear Andrey Dimitrievich, We will do our best to speed up the fulfillment of this dream. We university professors from all over the world wish to greet you from Geneva where we have met to discuss the future Professors gathered at the of mankind. We have high hopes that despite your present Second International Congress of situation, sooner or later you will be able to lead a normal Professors World Peace Academy life and communicate with the world intellectual community. Geneva, August 17, 1985

46 Professors World Peace Academy

The Second International Congress of Professors World Peace Academy chapter presidents also served as an opportunity to conduct much of the business of the Professors World Peace Academy. This included numerous meetings to plan further activities and a number of informal meetings to strengthen international relationships.

The Professors World Peace Academy International Presidents Hugh Spurgin (with his back to the audience) addressing a gathered with Reverend Kwak and Morton Kaplan to plan meeting of PWPA representatives during the Second future worldwide activities. International Congress.

The officers of chapters or PWPA in Europe met to discuss African presidents met together and planned the First Pan- activities in Europe with Professor Radnitzky from Germany African conference of “Food Production and Agriculture in Africa,” which was to be held in Lome, Togo.

PWPA leaders in the Middle East faced the thorny issues of A meeting of PWPA Asian presidents their region, but remain close friends.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 47

The editorial board of the International Journal on World Participants look at books and displays during the breaks. Peace found the Congress an excellent opportunity to hold a meeting.

The PWPA staff at the conference consisted of the organizers The conference served as the occasion for Chinese professors from the New York office and Secretary Generals of a number from Beijing and Taiwan to meet unofficially. Here we find of chapters. them sitting together at the Banquet table.

Professor Kaplan speaking at an international advisory A meeting of the international advisory committee discussing committee dinner at the Second International Congress. future activities of PWPA International.

48 Professors World Peace Academy

University of Illinois Department of College of Politcal Science Liberal Arts and Sciences at Urbana-Champaign 361 Lincoln Hall 792 South Wright Street 217 333-3881 Urbana Illinois 61801

To: Dr-Alex Shtromas, Croft House, Top Flat, 32 New Hey Road, Rastrick Brighouse, W. Yorkshire HD6 3PZ ENGLAND

Dr. Morton A. Kaplan, Committee on International Relations, University of Chicago, 5828 SA. University, Rm. 516, Chicago, IL 60637

Mr. Gordon L. Anderson, Professor World Peace Academy, GPO Box 1311, New York, NY 10116

From: Roger E. Kanet, Professor

Date: 26 August 1985

I wish to commend all of you for the outstanding success of the Congress in Geneva. In my view the program itself went extremely well and many of the contributions were exceptionally well done. Moreoever, I have never attended a professional conference of the size of the one in Geneva in which the accommodations were so plush and all the organizational details handled so expertly. Congratualtions to all three of you—and to all of the others who were involved in organizing the Congress—for a job superbly done.

I am enclosing a copy of the revised version of my paper—copies to all three of you. I have taken Irnto account comments made on the original draft by a number of commentators and have also made a number of other revisions. I assume, from comments made at the Congress, that Mort Kaplan will be editing the volume in which papers in foreign policy/international behavior will be included; however, I decided to send copies of the original revision to all of you. I would appreciate your keeping me informed of developments with the editing and publication of the Congress volumes.

Again I want to thank all three of you for your role in organizing and carrying out a first-class congress. In retrospect I find my initial reluctance to respond positively to the original invitation to participate rather foolish.

A followup letter from Roger Kanet, Chairman of Panel 4

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 49

The proceedings of the PWPA Second Congress produced four volumes on The Soviet Union and the Challenge of the Future published by Paragon House.

50 Professors World Peace Academy

The Third International Congress CHINA IN A NEW ERA: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE The Westin Philippine Plaza Hotel, Manila, The Philippines August 24-29, 1987

Harvard Professor Ezra Vogel speaks to a plenary session chaired by PWPA-USA President Nicholas N. Kittrie. Over 90 nations were represented at the Third International Congress of the PWPA. The colorful flags of the different countries added to the dignified atmosphere of the plenary meeting.

More than 265 participants gathered Science at the University of Connecti- representing over 80 countries were an at the Westin Philippine Plaza Hotel cut, was the organizing chairman for integral part of the discussions. from August 24-29, 1987 for the Third the conference. Both Dr. Ezra Vogel, The conference was opened by Neil International Congress of the Profes- Professor of Asian Studies at Harvard, Salonen, President of the International sors World Peace Academy. The theme and Dr. Donald Zagoria, who has Cultural Foundation and Morton of the conference “China in a New Era: served as consultant to the U.S. De- Kaplan, President of PWPA Interna- Continuity and Change” was the fo- partment of State and National Secu- tional. Several honored speakers gave cus of discussion for more than 100 of rity Council, gave plenary addresses opening remarks to the Congress in- the world’s leading China scholars. Dr. to the congress. In addition, PWPA cluding the Rev. Chung Hwan Kwak, Ilpyong J. Kim, Professor of Political Presidents and Secretaries-General Chairman of the Board of Directors of

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 51

panel addressing a particular aspect of China’s modernization process. The topics encompassed an entire range of social, political and economic issues which China is facing. For example, University of California professor, Lowell Dittmer’s panel analyzed “Po- litical Development After Mao,” while a panel chaired by Dr. Stuart Fraser of Latrobe University discussed issues of population and education. Other panel topics included an analysis of the “Chi- nese Communist Party at 65” chaired by Dr. Donald Klein of Tufts Univer- sity, “China’s Foreign Policy” led by University of Arizona’s Allen Whiting and “Agriculture and Society” led by Dr. William Parrish from the Univer- Mr. Neil A. Salonen welcomes the participants of the Third International Congress at sity of Chicago. the opening plenary session. Seated on his right are Vice-President of the As the conference drew to a close, Philippines, Honorable Salvador Laurel, Rev. C.H. Kwak, ICF Chairman; Neil A. several themes seemed to present Salonen (standing), the Honorable Lourdes Quisumbing, Minister of Education for themselves as the major conclusion of the Philippines, Professor Ilpyong J. Kim, Prof. Ezra Vogel, Harvard University, Prof. Donald Zagoria, Columbia University, Prof. Alfredo Lagmay, University of the the week’s discussion. First, the Philippines and President of PWPA-Philippines. People’s Republic of China is indeed embarking upon a “New Era” in her PWPA. Philippine Vice President and which PWPA had played in the Phil- social, political, as well as economic Foreign Minister Salvador Laurel, in ippine transition to democracy, a ref- life. Throughout the course of the welcoming the participants, noted that erence to the efforts of Philippine Congress’s deliberations, however, the Philippines was a particularly ap- Ambassador to the U.N. and past presi- one was constantly reminded of two propriate place to convene a meeting dent of the local PWPA chapter the factors in this modernizing process. addressing the topics of transition and Hon. Salvador Lopez. Firstly, there is no such thing as “re- development. Further, Vice President The conference was organized form” in the economic sphere alone. Laurel recognized the important role around 16 panels of scholars, each Economic reforms, especially in the context of the Chinese case, have se- rious social and political ramifications. Secondly, while certainly embarking upon a new era any forces for change must be held within the context of China as one of the world’s oldest civi- lizations. With regard to changes in the economy of China, several themes be- came especially clear as a result of the panel discussions. While “reform” has been undertaken in both the industrial and agricultural sectors, China remains a predominantly agrarian economy. The principle aspects of “agricultural reform” include a de facto decollect- ivization of farming through the intro- duction of the “Productions Respon- sibility System.” This program stipu- Dr. Donald S. Zagoria, Plenary Speaker and Panel Chairman, studied in the 1940’s lates that after selling a certain amount at the Russian Institute of Columbia University. He is presently a professor at the of product to the state for a fixed price, Graduate Center of the City University of New York. 52 Professors World Peace Academy

a farmer may sell any surplus on what amounts to a free market. This intro- duction of “limited entrepreneurship” has, almost immediately, resulted in an enormous increase in agricultural pro- ductivity. For the time being, agricul- tural reform has solved one of China’s most basic yet critical problems; that of feeding one-fifth of the world’s population. Reform in the industrial sphere is proceeding along much the same lines as agriculture, a decentralization of re- sponsibility, including allowances for limited entrepreneurship and the intro- duction of new technology. Unlike ag- riculture, however, the scholars fore- see a much longer period before any significant results can be recognized. Further, industrial development was envisioned as proceeding along dis- tinctly regional tines. The already des- ignated “Special Economic Zones” were depicted as evolving into a highly developed corridor from Dalin to Can- ton (and eventually to Hong Kong). Within the sphere of social devel- opment the conference participants identified two principal goals. Control- ling population growth, all of the scholars agreed, is a critical aspect of any development program for China. To that end, the one child per family The Third International Congress drew high level government participation. Above, policy was lauded as being extremely Vice-President of the Philippines, Hon. Salvador H. Laurel, addresses a plenary successful. In addition, a continuing meeting. He was the one who outlined the “One China” policy of the Philippines. process of improving education, espe- Below, he is hounded by news reporters attending the session when it broke for coffee.

G ood will and sincere cooperation are needed to reduce the differences that divide na- tions, and multiply the common interests that unite them. International organizations like Professors World Peace Academy can do much to spread the gospel of peace based on the principle of co-existence. The argument is quite simple: Five billion human beings now inhabit this planet. With its limited space and resources, the earth will remain hospitable to mankind only if we live in harmony with nature’s eternal laws of cycle and renewal. We must be confident and truly believe that human intelligence is capable of dealing with any problem that is likely to arise in this domain, particularly now in this age of light.

The Honorable Salvador Laurel, Vice President, The Philippines At the Third International Congress of PWPA

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 53

cially higher, education will be neces- sary for a “Modernized China.” The discussion concerning changes in Chinese political life touched upon a much less easily definable, and cer- tainly more controversial aspect of “re- form”. Certainly the decentralization trend in agriculture and industry trans- lates into a de facto loosening of po- litical control. Ensuring the continua- tion of the development process in the long term will require more substan- tive reform as economic rationality replaces purely ideological forces in politics. In this respect, the role of the party was identified as being in a re- Conference organizers form the receiving line at the opening reception. (Left to Right) view process. Machiavellian Mrs. and Dr. Alfredo Lagmay, President PWPA-Philippines, Mrs. and Dr. Ilpyong J. realpolitik is also evidenced by re- Kim, Organizing Chairman, Reverend Chung Hwan Kwak, Chairman of PWPA, Dr. moval of old cadres, albeit under gen- Morton A. Kaplan, President of PWPA-International, Mr. Neil A. Salonen, President erous terms, from political life. The of the ICF, Dr. Gordon L. Anderson, Secretary General, PWPA-International progress of all types of reforms rests not only in removing older cadres from office but also in attenuating their in- fluence, and reinvigorating the system with younger more vital cadres. The optimism, which the majority of conference participants registered for China’s present course, was not without qualification or recognition of inherent difficulties. Indeed some scholars proposed that some of the present successes in agricultural pro- ductivity may be at the expense of fu- ture productivity. Peasants, eager to realize their newfound possibility of profits are consistently overcropping Chung Hwan Kwak and Ilpyong J. Kim greet a participant (above), and Morton A. their fields. Further, the breakup of the Kaplan, PWPA International President, and Neil A. Salonen, President of commune system provides little incen- ICFwelcome the participants to the Third International Congress (below). tive for individual peasants to main- tain crucial projects previously admin- istered by the communes, notably ir- rigation. These public works projects are therefore falling into disrepair. The growing regionalization in agriculture and industry looms as a serious chal- lenge to the stability and unity of the nation as a whole. The “one child per family” policy will place a serious strain on the traditional family struc- ture in China. Finally, the verdict is not yet in on the political consequences of the Mod- ernization process. While increased participation and debate was noted

54 Professors World Peace Academy

with approval, especially in the con- text of the “Open Door Policy,” so too must recent campaigns against “bour- geois liberalism” be recognized as part of an ongoing political debate in China. The attempted coup which took place in Manila on August 28, while most unfortunate in its consequences, provided a living laboratory for the conference participants. It reminded all once again of the fragile nature of all developing nations. As Professor Kim remarked in his closing address, “It is difficult enough to know what tomor- row may bring here in Manila, never mind chart the future course of the world’s oldest civilization. We do leave here however with a better un- derstanding of the challenges which China faces.”

Story by Kevin DelGobbo, research associate in political science with the PWPA staff.

Participants animated in discussion at coffee break (2 right photos).

Dressed in traditional clothing, this colorful Filipino dancing and singing group entertained participants at the farewell banquet.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 55

CHINA IN A NEW ERA: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE Academic Program

Panel 1: Political Development After Mao Panel 1 Chairman: Lowell Dittmer University of California at Berkeley

The passing of Mao accelerated the natural process of change in China’s political sphere. Political development in China includes a reassessment of the past and continuing debate about the course of the future. This panel investigated this devel- opment in both particularist, i.e. elite conflict and conceptual, roles of ide- ology frameworks, and to some extent Professor Lowell Dittmer (3rd from right), and his panel assessed the process of placed China’s revolution in perspec- political change after Mao in an attempt to place China’s revolution in perspective. tive, through comparison with the course of other revolutions.

Panel No. 2: The Rule Of Law In Post-Mao China Panel Chairman: John Hazard Columbia University

What is meant by Chinese leaders who claim to be “law minded”? What remains of the Confucian ethic? What, from the Soviet experience, meets Chi- nese needs? Traditional approaches and Soviet models were examined to determine A distinguished group of lawyers examined the Rule of Law in Post-Mao China in Panel 2 which was organized by Professor John Hazard and chaired by Professor Il the part they play in the formulation Pyong Kim. of contemporary attitudes and their implementation in concrete legal pro- visions. isolation from what the world’s world’s jurists are bringing to the The search for answers is not lim- peoples now expect from their states? realm of contemporary Chinese think- ited to the domestic scene. It extends Today a Chinese judge sits on the In- ing on law an international perspec- to the influence of international stan- ternational Court of Justice and a Chi- tive that will change, in some measure, dards and attitudes. The two may now nese scholar is a member of the United the traditional approaches to law, be intertwined, especially in the field States International Law Commission. whether on the domestic or interna- of human rights. Can China remain in It may be that these contacts with the tional stage. 56 Professors World Peace Academy

social services, especially those con- cerning health, welfare, housing, em- ployment and education must be seen realistically in both productive and consumptive terms. The transforma- tion of China’s rural society presents special challenges in terms of appro- priate schooling, and sufficient, if not satisfying, employment prospects. The underlying concerns of this panel, namely the educational, demographic and developmental aspects of mod- ern Chinese society, can nowhere be better expressed than in a critical analysis of the efficiency of the cur- rent input of modernization provisions Professor Stewart Fraser (2nd from right), is chairman of Education of La Trobe University, Australia. His panel had the task of examining the social fabric of China in on a widely diverse and geographi- demographic terms. cally differentiated population.

Panel No. 4: Agriculture And Society In China Panel Chairman: William Parrish University of Chicago

The countryside has led all sectors in reform in China. The control of land has increasingly devolved to individu- als; private entrepreneurs have pros- pered, and top-down administrative control has loosened. These changes, however, are free neither of adminis- trative restraints nor of unanticipated consequences that threaten other Panel Four Chairman, Dr. William Parrish, (seated in the center facing the audience) policy goals. This panel assessed the is from the University of Chicago. His committee assessed the current state of moral current state of rural reform and the reform in China. kind of issues that must be overcome in the future.

Panel No. 3: Education, social-sexual behavior and family Population And formation may be modified by ideo- Panel No. 5: Taiwan And logical directions, ultimately they are Modernization In China primarily motivated by deep-seated The Pacific Basin Panel Chairman: Dr. Stewart Fraser social needs often underpinned by Panel Chairman: Michael Y.m. Kau Chairman of Education material concerns and harsh eco- Brown University Center for Comparative and International nomic realities. The consequences of Studies in Education The Pacific Basin has entered upon La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia the government’s “one child” initia- tives, of the last few years, may well a critical juncture in its history. This have ramifications far beyond the panel looks at a number of social, po- For those concerned with China’s litical, and economic forces which population and social issues it is a mat- 2020s in terms of aging populations, unbalanced sex ratios, critical child have been responsible for ushering in ter of focusing as much on personal val- this watershed period. From the his- ues as on economic or political values. dependency ratios and work force- productivity concerns. torical legacy bequeathed to this re- While the nature of procreative affairs, gion both by its own actions as well The adequate provision of needed PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 57

as by foreign presence and by emerg- ing new political and social forces, this panel attempted to suggest the region’s future by examining closely its present and past.

Panel No. 6: China In Western Thought And Culture Panel Chairman: Donald Lach University of Chicago Professor Michael Y. Kau, from Brown University (2nd from right), chaired Panel China and its civilization have been Five whose task was to examine the forces which have been ushering in the watershed subject to a variety of Western inter- period for Taiwan and the Pacific Basin pretations throughout modern history, and no one interpretation has ever been completely lost. In looking at the ob- jective conditions prevailing in China at a particular period, the Westerner’s view has always been conditioned by the intellectual perceptions and current trends in his own society. As a conse- quence the changing conceptions of China have over time reflected the dominant themes in Western thought. The victory of communism in China in 1949 brought sympathy and affection in most Western and Chris- tian powers to a swift end. Respect persisted for its ancient culture; but fear of a united, efficient, anti-Christian and totalitarian China as Professor Donald Lach inspired his panel with good humor in their study of how the leader of Asian communism had China is perceived in Western Thought and Culture. come to override almost all other con- siderations until very recently. This panel presented some of these newer attitudes and assessed their im- pact.

Panel No. 7: Economic Development In Post-Mao China Panel Chairman: Bruce Reynolds Union College Schenectady, New York

The issue of economic reform was at the heart of this panel’s investiga- tion. It is within this context that the Professor Bruce Reynolds, from Union College, NY, (third from right) makes a point question of economic reform to date as he and the paper writers for panel seven examine economic reform in Post-Mao China. 58 Professors World Peace Academy

Panel No. 9: The Chinese Communist Party At 65 (1921-1986) Panel Chairman: Donald Klein Tufts University

The Chinese Communist Party at 65 is one that has witnessed unheard of successes and considerable setbacks. In sum the CCP is responsible for a significant transformation of life throughout China. The path of these Panel Eight was called to explore the relationship between regional administrative accomplishments is not a linear one, reform and economic reform in the Chinese system. The Chairman of this committee however, and the party’s record dur- was Dr. Victor Carl Falkenheim of the University of Toronto (3rd from left). ing the past 25 years is open to con- siderable debate. This panel addressed itself to two central aspects of the party’s history. First, it reviewed the Chinese Commu- nist Party as a political entity, that is, its institutional make-up as well as ideological dynamics. Further it as- sessed two particular events which the party faces, rectification within the party and reform of the system within which the party is the central and key player. Second, this panel sought to reconcile the role and impact of an entity which for many years was syn- onymous with the Chinese Commu- nist Party, Mao Zedong. Dr. Donald Klein (2nd from left), and his panel were called to assess the achievements of the Chinese Communist Party from 1921-1986. Panel No. 10: The Role Of The Military In China has fundamentally changed the way in ministrative reform and economic re- Panel Chairwoman: June Teufel Dreyer which the Chinese economic mecha- form more generally. Chinese reform- University of Miami nisms function and operate. ers have for some years been con- For example has China moved from cerned with developing “rational eco- The military arm of the Chinese the Stalinist forced savings approach? nomic linkages” shaped by natural Communist Party (CCP) played an What is the underlying ideology by patterns of interchange. The principal important part in the founding of the which ownership becomes acceptable, obstacles to these more efficient forms People’s Republic of China (PRC). and what structural mechanisms are of economic co-ordination are juris- Certain leaders, including Deng present which provide for ownership? dictional conflicts among provinces Xiaoping, came to feel that the and localities, and between provinces, military’s involvement in non-military regions and ministries, for the control matters was detrimental both to do- Panel No. 8: The Politics of enterprise personnel and resources. mestic development and to its primary This pattern of economic compartmen- mission of national defense. Deng’s Of Regional Reform talization is known in Chinese parlance Four Modernizations program, an- Panel Chairman: Vic Falkenheim as “ownership of ministries” and nounced in 1978, portended far-reach- University of Toronto “ownership of localities,” and is rooted ing changes in the PLA: organization, in the structure of the inherited Soviet- strategy, training, and social roles were This panel was designed to explore style command economy. all affected in varying degrees. Not the relationship between regional ad- surprisingly, the implementation of these PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 59

reforms met opposition grounded in both ideology and vested interests. This panel examined in detail the reforms in the Chinese military since 1978, and assessed their impact in the PLA’s de- fense capitalization as well as its do- mestic functions.

Panel No. 11: China And The Soviet Union In Asian Affairs Panel Chairman: Donald S. Zagoria City University of New York Professor June Teufel Dreyer is an expert on the Chinese Armed Forces. She is from This panel examined three regions the University of Miami and chaired Panel Ten which examined the controversial role in which Sino-Soviet competition of the military in communist China. seems particularly acute—Korea, Mongolia, and Indo-China. A good deal of psychological and historical baggage profoundly affects the scope and nature of relations between and among these states. In addition how- ever, this panel assessed the evolving domestic and international factors in these affairs. One important issue is whether at a time of Sino-Soviet de- tente competition in these regions can be contained.

Panel No. 12: Science, Technology And Modernization In China Dr. Donald Zagonia’s panel concentrated on three regions of Sino-Soviet competition: Korea, Mongolia and Indo-China. He is seen at work here (2nd from left), with his Panel Chairman: Denis F. Simon other panelists. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

While the debate may continue for sometime as to the specific course of China’s modernizition process, an in- creased emphasis on science and tech- nology, and the means to achieve it, have perhaps by definition a secure role in any conceivable modernization program. It is to the recognition of the im- portance of science and technology therefore that this panel addressed it- self. Included are both macro and mi- cro analyses of China’s status in this area. More specifically, attention was Panel Chairman Denis Simon, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (in the given both to conceptions of reform center) pores over his notes. His panel was called to address the question of modernization in China. 60 Professors World Peace Academy

is more readily accomplished than in others? The most obvious example would be the state-industrial sector, in which reform appears to be most dif- ficult in all ML-states. What can we learn about hybrid patterns that emerge from the effort to promote both plan and market? Is there a specifically Marxist-Leninist hybrid that emerges? What do we learn from the Soviet and East European experience about the relationship between economic and political reform? This is, of course, a Do Marxist Leninist systems have similar reform experiences? This is one of the many fundamental question in the literature questions Dr. Thomas Bernstein (3rd left) and his panel tried to answer in examining on comparative communism, but it is the relationship between China and the Soviet Bloc. as pertinent as ever. What do we learn about reform mongering, i.e., the strategies em- ployed by those promoting reform? Can judgments be made about the ef- ficacy of sequential vs. comprehensive strategies, or of muddling-through ap- proaches?

Panel No. 14: Intellectual Trends In China Panel Chairwoman: Merle Goldman Boston University

Dr. Merle Goldman (2nd right), professor of history at Boston University, led her To what extent is the direction and panel to examine the relationship between intellectual discourse and political content of literature and other schol- development in the changing social environment of today’s China. arly exchange a reflection of the changing political and social environ- and its effect on technological ment in China today? Further to what despite the many historical, cultural, progress, i.e. innovation, and to analy- degree does literature itself impact on and other differences that separate sis of present potential, i.e. Otto the Chinese political course? them? Can common patterns be iden- Schnepp’s look at the status of China’s With these questions in mind this tified? For instance, in the Chinese scientific community. panel investigated specific examples case, a cyclical pattern appears to have of intellectual discourse i.e. literature, emerged, in which reform leaders theater and sought to broaden concepts come to power, diagnose the existence such as values and communications. Panel No. 13: China And of a crisis, and launch reforms. These The Soviet Bloc: Lessons give rise to unanticipated conse- quences, which in turn cause conser- Of Reform Experience Of vative opposition to gain strength, Panel No. 15: The Future Other Marxist-leninist leading to a slowdown in the reform Of The Revolution Countries process. As the problems which reform Panel Chairman: Hans-Martin Sass Panel Chairman: Thomas Bernstein was designed to resolve again pile up, Ruhr Universitat Columbia University pressures for a renewed assault gain strength and the cycle repeats itself. While each of the respective pan- Do Marxist-Leninist systems have Are there commonalities in the ex- els at the congress addressed their par- broadly similar reform experiences, tent to which reform in some sectors ticular topics, all of these discussions

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 61

in one way or another have impact upon the topic which is in this panel’s pur- view—the Future of the Revolution. The issue which is being hotly de- bated in the People’s Republic of China today, namely reform, has ob- vious, if still indiscernible impact on the future of the revolution. In addi- tion, as with any living culture, the concepts of society and government are constantly being debated and syn- thesized into new forms. It is from this perspective that this panel proceeds.

Dr. Hans-Martin Sass (2nd from left), is a Senior Research Fellow at Georgetown Panel No. 16: China’s University, in Washington, D.C. His panel examined the impact of reform on the Foreign Policy future of the Chinese Communist Revolution.

Panel Chairman: Allen S. Whiting Professor of Political Science and Director for East Asian Studies University of Arizona

Just as a new era has dawned on China’s domestic politics so too has it on her relations with the outside world. The papers in this panel put foreign policy since the death of Mao in per- spective against the changes within China’s domestic politics and the in- ternational system. Questions of con- tinuity and change were addressed with regard to major and minor pow- Professor Allen S. Whiting (3rd from left), an expert on East Asian studies, teaches at ers. Prospects for the future were dis- the University of Arizona. Here he leads Panel Sixteen into putting China’s Foreign cussed and key variables identified. Policy since the death of Mao in a proper perspective.

The closing academic plenary session.

62 Professors World Peace Academy

PWPA President’s Meetings at the Third International Congress

The PWPA International Board of Directors consisting of Rev. In the foreground (right to left), Professors Jan Knappert, Kwak, Prof. Morton A. Kaplan, Mr. Neil A. Salonen, and Dr. Panos Bardis and Alexander Shtromas, three of the many loyal Gordon L. Anderson, meet with PWPA Presidents from all over members of PWPA participating in the Third International the world. Prof. Rubenstein is seen here inspiring the audience Congress. with a report about the Washington Institute.

In this view of the audience (left to right), Professor Dr. Exaltacion Ramos, from PWPA Philippines, is here at the Higatsberger from Austria and Hang Nyong Lee, President of microphone stimulating discussion among leaders of PWPA in PWPA-Korea, appear in the front. the Asia-Pacific Region.

The Presidents of PWPA Africa held a meeting during the Third Professor Guido Pincheira of PWPA Chile looks on while Prof. International Congress in which they planned for the Second Guo from China talks about Latin American-Chinese trade Pan African conference to be held in Cameroon in 1988. The relations at a meeting of PWPA Presidents from South America. meeting was chaired by J.O. Sodipo of PWPA-Nigeria.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 63

Four books on China were published as a result of the Third International Congress of PWPA

64 Professors World Peace Academy

The Fourth International Congress LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES: THEIR PRESENT STATE AND THEIR FUTURE PROSPECTS Inter-Continental Hotel, London, United Kingdom August 25-29, 1989

The Fourth International Congress of PWPA was held on August 25-29, 1989 on the theme “Liberal Democratic Societies: Their Present State and Their Future Prospects,” at the Inter-Continental Hotel on Hyde Park Corner in downtown Lon- don. The conference consisted of PWPA Presidents from 84 countries and 85 paperwriters who are experts on the confer- ence theme. There were a total of 345 participants.

The Opening Convocation of the Fourth International Congress of Professors World Peace Academy (From Left to Right) The Honorable Robert H. Bork, J.M. Olin Scholar in Legal Studies, American Enterprise Institute; Gordon L. Anderson, Secretary- General, PWPA-International; Edward Shils, Professor of Social Thought, Cambridge University and University of Chicago; Neil A. Salonen, Vice Chairman, PWPA; Chung Hwan Kwak, Chairman, PWPA; Morton A. Kaplan, President PWPA-International; Roger Michener, Professor of Law, Princeton University; and J.C.H. Davies, President of PWPA-UK.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 65

FROM THE LETTER OF WELCOME FROM CHUNG HWAN KWAK AND MORTON A. KAPLAN

Chung Hwan Kwak Morton A. Kaplan

“ This conference examines liberal Democracy has had a mixed history. to excesses and false ideals. Such democracy, which is today hailed as While democracies have been accom- knowledge is of use both for directing the path for the future throughout most panied by economic and scientific the course of present democratic soci- of the world, including the younger growth, we cannot overlook the eties, and f or establishing a course for generation of Russians and Chinese. “Reign of Terror” in France or social developing societies. Professors Roger It is important that we take pause to problems in other democracies. Michener and Edward Shils gathered examine liberal democracy before With a careful understanding of lib- together over eighty experts on liberal plunging blindly into the future. eral democracy, we can thrill to demo- democratic societies for this confer- Significantly, 1989 was the 200th cratic ideals of freedom, equality, and ence. This as the crowning event of anniversary of the French Revolution. rights of people without falling prey our trilogy of conferences.”

FROM THE CONFERENCE DESCRIPTION BY PROFESSORS MICHENER AND SHILS

Roger Michener Edward Shils

This conference was being held at tors. Until recently Marxism in its vari- natives to liberal democracy. Events a time when liberal democratic soci- ous forms and other proponents of in China, the Soviet Union, Eastern eties, as patterns of political, economic single party states and centrally Europe, and the third world have re- and social arrangements, would seem planned economies appeared to offer duced the persuasiveness of these ar- to be vindicated against their detrac- realistic and allegedly beneficial alter- guments to the point where there are 66 Professors World Peace Academy

no readily apparent realistic alterna- that the conference aroused thought or its collapse. We wish above all to learn tives to liberal democratic societies. about the maintenance and improve- how these destructive potentialities may Liberal democratic societies, although ment of such societies in the future. be averted. very diverse among themselves, are The conference broadly focused on the The conference insisted on the bond clearly distinguishable from societies ways in which liberal democratic so- between liberalism and democracy. Lib- which are dominated by monopolistic cieties are affected by their own reli- eralism and democracy are two distin- single parties, which suppress public gious, moral, and cultural traditions, guishable components of present day liberties, and which purport to plan by the functions of their economic and liberaldemocratic societies. Their com- their economies in a centralized fash- political institutions, as well as by their bination into a particular form of soci- ion. The later types of society are now international environment. ety is a great achievement, but it is also largely discredited, even among per- An important aspect of our work a source of difficult problems. For in- sons who recently argued vehemently here is to understand the effect of broad stance, can these societies reconcile the that they were wholly superior, mor- changes in moral values, economic ar- fundamental conflict between the liberal ally and economically, to liberal de- rangements, and technological condi- demand for freedom from governmen- mocracy. tions which affect liberal democracy. tal authority and intrusiveness with the Nevertheless, the discomfitures and Not only do we seek to delineate some democratic demand for more govern- embarrassments of the enemies of lib- of the main lines of historical devel- mental activities and greater governmen- eral democracies must not be regarded opment of the variant forms of liberal. tal provision of welfare services? Or, as a justification for complacency. We democracy, but we also seek to dis- what are the consequences of some of should be appreciative of the merits cern certain fundamental postulates the institutions of liberal democratic so- of liberal democratic societies, but we which are common to these institutions ciety for the daily life of the individual must also be aware of their shortcom- and processes. In this way, we hoped in his or her private sphere? ings, in the light of their own ideals, to define more clearly the liberal The planning of this conference was and of the dangers to which they are democratic ideal and its limits. We been a very large undertaking. With its liable. wish to learn where the practice falls emphasis on a comprehensive stocktak- The purpose of this conference was short of the ideal or deforms it. We ing of contemporary liberal democratic to take stock of and to assess, in an wish to form an estimate of the de- society and its future prospects, it offered historical perspective, the most central structive forces within the liberal opportunity for a unique scholarly and achievements and shortcomings of lib- democratic ideal itself and of their po- civil achievement. eral democratic societies. It is hoped tentialities for causing its deterioration

REV. KWAK: DEMOCRACY NEEDS SOUND FAMILY INSTITUTIONS

“The success of liberal society de- pends on the responsible moral life of its citizens. People are motivated to work hard for their society when they feel that they are contributing to them- selves, their families, their communi- ties and to a good or divine society. The American Founding Fathers be- lieved that the system of government which included checks and balances would protect the citizens against any- one taking absolute political power; however, they knew that for their sys- tem of constitutional democracy to survive the citizens had to act morally and responsibly. They left the creation of virtuous people to the traditional in- Reverend Kwak delivers his open remarks to scholars gathered in London. stitutions of family, church, and com- munity. This arrangement has never completely succeeded.”

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 67

Professors Kaplan and Michener conferring before the Alexander Shtromas, organizing chairman for the 2nd conference began. Congress welcomes Sir Alfred Sherman, Co-Founder of the Centre for Policy Studies, U.K.

Mr. Salonen introduces his family to Reverend Kwak. Professor Kittrie, President of PWPA-USA in discussion with Gordon Anderson, Secretary-General, and his wife Mary Jane.

Judge Bork speaks with long time PWPA associates Kenneth The Final Banquet ended with pleasant music from a local Mellanby and Alvin Weinberg. wind quintet.

68 Professors World Peace Academy

JUDGE ROBERT BORK SPEAKS OF THE EMPTINESS IN LIBERALISM

Judge Robert Bork followed with a members of public interest organiza- major plenary address in which he tions, and the like.” spoke of an “emptiness at the heart of “Their potency has been enor- liberalism,” and the United States as mously enhanced by the coming of age currently a culture at war, with each of the 1960s generation which has group trying to win for itself through brought its radical ideological baggage the political process in Washington. with it. They once formed a political The sense of common purpose has movement called the New Left. That been lost: collapsed as a movement but they are still the new left, in lower case. These “The essence of modern liberalism people quite naturally went into uni- would seem to be the absence of, in- versities, journalism, and other intel- deed hostility to, any principle of tran- lectual class professions, and they are scendence. This leads to moral disori- far more active politically along strong entation and that in turn to the loss of ideological lines than any other group the sense of community and to the in our society.” possibility of social disintegration. “Transcendent principles come in This is accompanied by the intense various sizes, of course, and among politicization of all aspects of the cul- them is the belief that each intellec- tual discipline, each field of academic Judge Robert H. Bork ture, which further fragments and di- vides us, for that politics, though it has study, has proper standards of intellec- a common theme, has no overarching tual rigor and intellectual honesty. No ternal danger to any such society, be- vision or program. It is merely the an- group knows better than this that those cause it will not have high social mo- gry attack of left-liberalism at a thou- principles are under attack and in re- rale and rampant individualism may sand different and seemingly uncon- treat everywhere—from law to history mean that such a society will be un- nected points. Indeed, if modern lib- to literary studies to the social sciences, able to fight a major war.” eralism has a transcendent principle, even to some extent to natural sci- “But there are considerable internal it is a religion of politics, a belief that ences, and most certainly in religion perils for a society in an advanced state every subject is at bottom political, that and journalism. Each of these fields of liberalism and hence of incessant politics is the means to salvation. The has been partially overrun by the view ideological conflict throughout the emptiness at the heart of liberalism that they must be politicized; and that culture. In a wealthy but unhappy so- consists in the belief that liberty and standards of rigor and honesty are ciety, there is a great likelihood that equality are ends in themselves and themselves political weapons designed human evil will find a new organizing that nothing lies beyond them. That to perpetuate the preeminence of a principle that will threaten both liber- means that more liberty and more corrupt and oppressive Western culture alism and democracy. The great orga- equality must constantly be de- and the dominance of white males. The nizing principles of evil in this cen- manded.” insistence upon the equality of all cul- tury—Communism and Fascism—are “Those who hold deeply pathologi- tures and equality of results for all surely not the only ones the mind of cal opinions in the United States are groups means that traditional standards man can devise.” by no means a small band of “progres- must be displaced.” “There is in man a longing for the sive intellectuals” but are rather an in- “The prospects are worrisome if the transcendent, and the emptiness at the tellectual class numbering in the mil- society is highly ideological and po- heart of liberalism is an invitation to lions or tens of millions. They have liticized, if it is split into groups fight- some new transcendent principle to fill been identified as the intellectual or ing for group entitlement, and if the it. The nature of that principle it is too knowledge class and, for reasons by results of moral relativism offend those soon to say. We may hope that the rise now fairly well known, tend to be left with traditional values. That describes of the sub-class of dissident intellec- of center. The class is defined by the a fragmented, fractious, polarized and tuals and the existence of groups like fact that its members work with angry society and, it seems to me, one this mean that there is at least a chance ideas—as academics, journalists, unlikely to be stable.” that the new principle will be benign.” clergy, and church staffs, bureaucrats, “There is in the first place the ex-

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 69

Walter Ruegg’s Panel on Universities and Learning was well attended.

A meeting of the advisory board of the International Journal on World Peace.

70 Professors World Peace Academy

Fourth Congress Panels For three days fifteen panels discussed the present state of liberal democracy from the standpoint of different sectors of society.

Panel 1: Freedom and Government: Politics Panel Chairman: J.C.H. Davies University of Reading.

Within the liberal democratic soci- eties, government by the people and for the people is constrained by the re- quirement that the rights and freedoms of individuals shall be respected. Ten- sions have arisen in such societies to- day and may be exacerbated tomorrow because of the greatly enhanced power of the modern state which some see as a necessary response to a variety of crises and legitimate demands and oth- ers as the product of the excessive Panel 1: Freedon and Government: Politics material and ideological promises made by politicians to those whose support they seek. A further political issue that has arisen concerns the many independent social institutions that stand between the state and the indi- vidual which may become attenuated and lose their autonomy as state power increases and demands for individual “liberation” grow. Liberal democratic societies are dynamic and creative en- tities characterized by spontaneous change; and, in consequence, the prob- lems their citizens face, as well as the opportunities they enjoy, also change so that the central principles of ordered liberty will always have to be applied in new and unpredictable contexts.

Panel 2: The Rule of Law Panel 2: The Rule of Law and the Development of Legal Institutions and the Development of making some sense of this concept that sentations on the relationship of this Legal Institutions democratic liberals take for granted. ideal to formalism, on the one hand, Panel Chairman:George P. Fletcher This panel will pursue this inquiry into and emotions, on the other. Underly- Columbia University the foundations of the rule of law, with ing these themes is the recurrent ques- papers on the philosophical links be- tion whether the rule of law should be Laypeople seem to understand what tween the concept and both English understood in its positivistic or natu- they mean by the rule of law, but law- and German liberalism. The meaning ralistic variation. yers and philosophers are engaged in of the rule of law is pursued in the pre-

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 71

Attention will be paid to the way this concept of culture has been altered by the political mission of the social sciences, and the effect of this altered meaning on education, the arts, and indeed all of intellectual life. Attention will also be paid to the adversarial role of writers and intellectuals in liberal democratic society. Finally, the panel will assess the impact of recent developments on the institutions of high culture—art mu- seums, the theater, opera houses, and the performance of classical music, book publishing, etc.—which have tra- ditionally served to preserve and trans- mit the central achievements of our civilization but which now find them- selves pressed to perform quite differ- ent functions. Panel 3: Culture and the Cultural Foundations of Democracy

Panel 4: Universities And Learning Panel Cahirman: Walter H. Riiegg University of Bern Universities have gained a crucial role in modern societies by providing scientific knowledge and educating the manpower needed for the material and intellectual welfare of mankind. How- ever, in liberal democracies govern- ments interfere more and more in higher education. Therefore, panel four discussed the task, problems and opportunities of the universities in strengthening the fun- damental liberal values of individual autonomy while encouraging the sense of personal responsibility for the com- Panel 4: Universities And Learning mon good in a primarily hedonistic, utilitarian, and bureaucratized society.

Panel 3: Culture and the Cultural Foundations of under the impact of political and so- Panel 5: World Order and cial developments that look upon the Democracy traditions of high culture as an “elit- Liberal Democracy Panel Chairman: Hilton Kramer ist” and thus oppressive residue of an Panel Chairman: Alexander Shtromas The New Criterion earlier and outmoded stage of our civi- Hillsdale College lization. What the concept of “high It is the purpose of this panel to ex- The purpose of this panel is to ex- culture” encompasses in this discus- plore both the role of high culture in plore the possibility of creating a lib- sion are the fine arts and the humani- liberal democratic society and the ero- eral democratic world order. First, the ties as traditionally understood in the sion which that role has lately suffered suitability of liberal democratic prin- West.

72 Professors World Peace Academy

ciples to provide the foundation for the unification of different extant civiliza- tions and cultures into a universal world order will be examined. Then the current trends in international poli- tics will be analyzed with the view to evaluate the practical prospects for establishing a liberal democratic world order. The panel will also focus on the problem of the applicability of liberal democratic principles to management of supra-national and global affairs and, specifically, on the compatibility of an institutionalized world order with the right of nations to self-determina- tion and sovereignty. The panel will conclude with the debate on the plan for advancing West European unity in 1992 and the global implications of this plan. Panel 5: World Order and Liberal Democracy

Panel 6: Freedom and Government II: Economics Panel Chairman: Allan H. Meltzer Carnegie-Mellon University and American Enterprise Institute

This panel considers the different aspects of the relation between free- dom, coercion, and the rights of indi- viduals. The appeal of freedom arises both from the values it creates or pre- serves for the individual and the ben- efits it may produce for society. The conflicts between freedom and other values may arise when governments promise to provide “justice.” Cross cultural comparisons of social arrange- ments with differing degrees of free- Panel 6: Freedom and Government II: Economics dom provide evidence on the conse- quences of restricting freedom. A common definition of freedom is the absence of coercion. This def Few societies achieve, or seek to Panel 7: Legislatures, inition may mix freedom and power, achieve, strict limits on coercion. The Machinery of Legislation, and it does not consider sufficiently the panel will consider the appeal of lib- eral democratic government and the Organization of the State relation between rights and freedom. Maintenance of f reedom requires care reasons that such governments are now Gillian Peele, University of Oxford about the assignment of rights. Some rare or non-existent. This panel will discuss the evolu- rights are exclusive; others are not. The tion of the liberal state as a specif ic definition of freedom that is discussed form of government. It will show how distinguishes between these different the type of representative government types of rights and the ways in which which we now see as the model of the they may be assigned.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 73

groups? This theme will be considered with particular reference to the style of democracy of the European Com- munity. The growth of bureaucracy and its development within modern society will be considered f rom a number of angles. Have the institutions proved adequate? Is it possible to control bu- reaucracy? Does the strengthening of liberal democracy require a strength- ening of the market and governmental decentralization? Such questions will, we hope, illu- minate the relationship between the evolution of governmental processes and the survival of liberal democracy between the machinery of a particular state or cluster of states and the value Panel 7: Legislatures, Machinery of Legislation, Organization of the State of the political system.

Panel 8: Public Opinion: Enlightenment and Formation Panel Chair: Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann Institut far Demoskopie

This panel deals with the ef fects of the mass media. Since the thirties up to the present, this has been the most controversial f ield of communications research. In the days of Aristotle it was already known that appearance is more important than the actual nature of things. And how something appears, is largely a question of how it is pre- sented in the mass media. This is the central issue when debating the effects of the mass media. Panel 8: Public Opinion: Enlightenment and Formation Over the past five decades commu- nications research has been revolution- liberal state was the product of a par- in the twentieth century, especially the ized. Initially concerned with the ef f ticular culture and historical period. challenge inherent in the growth of ects individual articles, films, or radio one focus of the panel will be on the state functions and the growing inter- broadcasts may have on the public, extent to which the model of the lib- dependence of nations. In the context communications research now extends eral state has had to be modified and of the modern state, can the legisla- to the study of the complete media adapted to cope with different histori- tive process be anything other than a system, i.e., the interrelated effects of cal circumstances and with different ritual which leaves the real decision- television, radio and the print media cultural expectations from those in making power and influence to other on public opinion. The knowledge as which it emerged. actors at the national and supra-na- to what is really meant by public opin- The panel will also discuss the chal- tional level—off icials, executive ion and its role in society had been lenges to the liberal democratic state agencies and ministers, and pressure completely buried. It first had to be

74 Professors World Peace Academy

recovered and defined before the ef- fects of the mass media could be un- derstood and empirically investigated. All the scientists of this panel have made pioneering contributions to this development of communications re- search over the past decades.

Panel 9: Science, Technology, and Innovation Panel Chairman: Alvin M. Weinberg Oak Ridge Associated Universities

Science and modern liberal democ- racy arose simultaneously. Is this co- incidence, or is the underlying ethic postulated by John Locke necessary Panel 9: Science, Technology, and Innovation for the flourishing of both science and liberal democracy? The great post World War II successes of science and technology have been confined pre- dominantly to the liberal democracies. Yet the very openness of the democ- racies has, in recent years, begun to threaten scientific inquiry (animal rights, for example), and has hampered the use of technologies (pesticides, nuclear power) that are regarded by certain groups as environmentally threatening. Thus we ask, can hazard- ous technologies survive in open de- mocracies? The converse question, can open democracies retain their stabil- ity in an age of instant worldwide com- munication and sophisticated terrorist gadgetry, is also timely, especially as we witness instabilities in Eastern Eu- rope in this period of transition to de- mocracy. Panel 10: Nationality, Patriotism, & Nationalism

bility of political systems if they lack that the ideas of nation and national- Panel 10: Nationality, a specific naional identity. However, ity had come to the end of their use- Patriotism, & Nationalism we observe a progressive erosion of fulness. However, the expectation that the original liberal connotations asso- new transnational forms of political Panel Chairman: Roger Michener ciated with the notions of nation and organization were about to take over Princeton University nationality: ultra-nationalism, fascism, proved premature. Right now every- Since the French Revolution, the and the rise of high imperialism since where, even in the USSR, old nation- nation-state has come to be considered the 1880s. In addition, the nation-state ality conflicts may well endanger the the normal form of political organiza- turned against national minorities stability of the present world order and tion of liberal democratic societies, and within its own boundaries. world peace. The new non-Western many argue that there will be no dura- By 1945 it seemed evident to many nations were not spared any of the dis-

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 75

To what extent do they, as the moral conscience of a society, have an obli- gation to speak out on the crucial is- sues affecting government and offi- cials elected to govern? Should church and state remain separated or are new kinds of coalitions and allegiances in- evitable? Liberal democracy challgnes all religions to live with one another in a relationship of parity. Religion challenges democracy to respect plu- ralism and to take into account tran- scendent human values. This panel will address these questions from the perspective of different religious faiths and different national experiences, paying particular attention to the shift- ing balance between those who would seek to transform secularity into secu- Panel 11: Religion & Liberal Society larism or change the religious role into religiously dominated discourse.

Panel 12: Civility and Citizenship Panel Chairman: Edward C.Banfield Harvard University

The topic is developed in six papers. The f irst by Edward Shils distin- guishes the “civil person” and the “civil society” f rom the “citizen” and the “state” and points to conditions of modern life that threaten to erode ci- vility and endanger liberal democracy. The second paper by Katherine Auspitz tells how certain British and continental writers in the 18th and 19th centuries sought to encourage the mo- tivations they deemed essential to a f Panel 12: Civility and Citizenship ree society. The third paper by Charles Kesler describes the American tortions of the idea of nationality lenge strikes at the heart of the liberal founders’ conception of the public in- which were already observed in 19th nature of Western democracies. terest. The fourth paper by Robert century Europe. Goldwin, a further examination of the Presently, in the West the national- American experience, maintains that ity problem is posed in terms of the the tension between rights and citizen- Panel 11: Religion & ship render liberal democracy impos- minority status of groups of immi- Liberal Society sible except as civility intervenes. The grants and “guestworkers” and their offspring. Their numbers now threaten The Reverend Thomas M. Gannon, S. J. fifth paper by James Q. Wilson asks Loyola University of Chicago how we can explain the fact that nowa- the dominant national culture, and rightist movements surface making days economic progress is accompa- What should be the legitimate role nied by increased criminality; after a these groups their target. This chal- of religious groups in a free society? critical survey of the literature on 76 Professors World Peace Academy

crime, he suggested that cultural changes reflect the logical conse- quences of the Enlightenment. The sixth and final paper by Clifford Orwin views the subject matter in the con- trasting lights of ancient and modern philosophy.

Panel 13: Morals Panel Chairman: Roger Scruton University of London

The kinds of questions to be con- sidered are these: to what extent do the institutions of a liberal society rest on moral values, and to what extent are those values sustained or corroded by the liberal democratic way of life? Is it possible to distinguish liberty from Panel 13: Morals license? Can there be a liberal sexual morality? To what extent is the 1iberal- democratic order compatible with the idea of a ‘moral community’? What place is there for moral education in a liberal democratic society? And one could reflect here on the new ‘ideolo- gies’ of education of the kind studied by Isabelle Stal and Francoise Thom in Schools for Barbarians.

Panel 14: Work, Employment, and Class Panel Chairman: David Marsland West London Institute

Few aspects of liberal democratic society are so crucial to its future pros- pects as the organization of work, in- Panel 14: Work, Employment, and Class cluding in particular the nature of re- cruitment to work roles and their re- wards. The context of the panel’s dis- Panel 15: The Expansion Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, cussions is provided by the profound glasnost and perestroika are powerful and Impact of the Western failure of Marxist and related class symbols of hope if not as yet of theories to explicate the relations be- Liberal Tradition on Other achievement. There is evidence, too, tween work and society. Civilizations of more liberal policies in several Panel Chairman: Dennis Austin Third World states, although problems University of Manchester of ethnic unrest, military ambition, failing economies, and the intensity of Over the past decade the demand f religious fervor are powerful obstacles or democracy has posed a challenge to the success of democratic beliefs. to a number of illiberal regimes. In The question is not only whether

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 77

Concluding Remarks By Edward Shils

In his concluding remarks, Profes- sor Edward Shils said that the confer- ence was a success because a number of general conclusions could be drawn from the conference which could serve as a milestone assessment of liberal democratic societies. The academics generally agreed on the merits of liberal democracy, the value of scientific knowledge, the market economy, freedom of contract, patriotism without chauvinism, the important function of religion, effec- tive and relatively non-intrusive gov- ernment, and the value of the family. Panel 15: The Expansion and Impact of the Western Liberal Tradition on other While many people may say this is Civilizations common sense, all of these things have been on the defensive for the better part of this century. All of these things were assaulted by Marxists and left- leaning academics as part of the rul- ing class culture that led to oppression. The merits of these ideas, Shils stated, have now been vindicated in the aca- demic community. On the other hand, Shils noted that Liberal Democratic societies were far from perfect, and that many problems regarding education and poverty exist that need urgent attention. One of the major points of his concern was the standards of truthfulness in informa- tion given to the general population by the so-called “knowledge class,” which consists of the media, school teachers, politicians, and administra- tors. Too frequently, accurate informa- Concluding Remarks By Edward Shils tion in the hands of experts becomes distorted and misrepresented by the people want democracy but whether examples very wide, from Japan to time it reaches students and voters. they can sustain the condition in which India to the Soviet Union and the par- This makes it difficult for the voters political freedom and civil liberties can tial democracies of (some) Asian, Af- to make responsible decisions at the be established. The panel also exam- rican, and Latin American countries. polls and in their communities and is ines the question whether the move- The unifying thread of inquiry is that thus harmful to the proper function- ment of politics towards a greater de- of the title, namely, the extent to which ing of democracy. gree of freedom should be measured the non-Western world has been influ- in relation to local constraints and lo- enced by the liberal democratic val- cal achievements, rather than in abso- ues of the West. lute terms. The theme is large, the range of

78 Professors World Peace Academy

PWPA Presidents Meet at Fourth International Congress The purpose of this congress goes beyond the particular theme under discussion. The congress is a place for the building of the international PWPA network. Each day after the academic discussions had ended, the Professors World Peace Academy national chapter presidents gathered to discuss activities.

The first evening at a PWPA presi- dents plenary, reports on PWPA activi- ties in Korea, Africa, and Latin America were presented.

Dr. Hang Nyong Lee, President of PWPA-Korea, spoke about PWPA activities in Korea and Asia

Professor G. Edward Njock, University of Yaounde, Cameroon and Organizing Chairman of the 2nd Pan-African Congress of PWPA, described the development of PWPA in Africa.

NEW WORLD FESTIVAL UNVEILED This was followed by Reverend Kwak’s address to the presidents, where he unveiled the plan for the New World Festival and the central role that the international marriage ceremony performed by Reverend Moon played in this festival event: “The New World Festival will be a new level of the Reverend Moon’s Professor Guido Pincheira, University of Chile and President of PWPA-Chile, work. It is his desire to bring together describes the activities of PWPA in Latin America. the fruits of all these efforts into one

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 79

age. All of you, I am sure, realize the centrality of the family in the teach- ing and work of the Reverend Moon. The family event, a very large inter- national marriage Blessing, will take a very important place in the New World Festival. This is because we recognize that the consecration of ideal families, built around high moral values, is crucial to the future of our nations and world. Finding the right political system does not, finally, rep- resent the cure-all and be-all for our large human family, especially in the all too prevalent case of men and women deeply damaged by early ex- periences in the home and in youth long before entering the mainstream of society. Reverend Chung Hwan Kwak unveiling Reverend Moon’s plan for the “New World Festival” to PWPA Presidents. In Unification terminology, mar- riage is called the “Blessing.” The central core of this Blessing is the vow given by both man and woman, not only to one another, but first and most importantly to God. This vow, or what we call “pledge,” is to dedicate the marriage and family to the purpose of God—the unchanging source of moral value and eternal, universal goodness and love. In a sense then, this Bless- ing is not merely the marrying of man and woman but the consecration of a full devotion to God, and the receiv- ing of God’s Blessing as a result of that pledge of devotion. In the 32 years that The draft logo of the “New World The logo of the “World Culture and I have had the privilege of working Festival” announced at the 4th Sports Festival” as it was finalized with the Reverend Moon, I’ve never Congress seen him waver in the teaching of high moral and family standards. Further- global festival which addresses all as- you as important to the success of this more, I believe he is realizing those pects of culture. At the New World great event. same standards through his life and Festival there will be an ICUS Con- Clearly, the New World Festival, far work. ference, a World Media Conference, more than an intercultural celebration, Everyone recognizes modern performances by members of the Art- will be a broad and powerful effort to society’s need for a turning point—this ists Association International (AAI), directly address the central problems pivotal point is rooted in the individual trade exhibitions, a gathering of many plaguing human society. Problems like and family center, beyond sectarian- of the world’s religious leaders, ath- the breakup of the nuclear family, di- ism, on God and universal principles. letic events, a Mr. and Ms. University vorce, teenage pregnancy, the shatter- Thus, the great international marriage Pageant, an international marriage cer- ing of ethical and moral standards Blessing ceremony at the New World emony, and the creation of a new in- throughout society, and the resulting Festival will also serve as the root ternational family association. instability of the individual character. event of a new international family as- I’d like to spend a few moments to Truly the instability of the individual sociation. expand on the thought behind the New and family become the indisputable The New World Festival, secondly, World Festival since I regard each of cause of many kinds of societal dam- will address in an unprecedented way,

80 Professors World Peace Academy

the needs of the society beyond the home and family. In the last decade of this century, our humanity, like never before, must establish the ways and means to much greater international cooperation and coordination in areas such as information exchange, techno- logical development, the preservation and wise use of natural resources, and the very critical issue of environmen- tal protection. Certainly the areas of concern I’ve just mentioned are not unknown to the European Presidents meeting. New representatives from Poland, Hungary, and large majority of our world’s leaders Bulgaria were present. today. But still many problems con- tinue to proliferate—why? A major reason is that so many bar- riers are yet persisting in the individual and collective mind: political barriers, nationalistic barriers, and the ugly walls of racial and religious bigotry. These barriers have to be torn down once and for all by a human race which has clearly become conscious of itself as one family, brothers and sisters un- der God as its Parents. Once we are willing to live unselfishly for that high- est good, barriers will fall; and human- ity will solve its problems in an envi- PWPA professors from the Middle East discuss plans to reduce tension in the region. ronment of God-centered love and re- spect.” Regional leaders were there and asked to work with the presidents in coordinating New World Festival ac- tivities. Then pamphlets which had been prepared for the occasion were distributed. Mr. Neil Albert Salonen, who has been Reverend Kwak’s main assistant on the festival preparation committee, handed out packets of in- formation to help inform the PWPA leaders about other projects founded by Reverend Moon which have been asked to participate in the New World Festival.

Regional Meetings The following two evenings, the PWPA presidents met by region, both to plan future PWPA activities and to determine how they could respond to the request to assist in bringing people to the New World Festival. PWPA Leaders from South Asia posed for a photo by a PWPA display.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 81

PWPA Board of Directors Sign Statement on Nationalism The PWPA Congress also provides an opportunity for a number of other NATIONALISM IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY PWPA meetings to take place, one of which is a meeting of the PWPA Board of Directors. This year the directors A Statement by the Board of Directors of the Professors World Peace Academy London, U.K. August 27, 1989 signed a statement titled “Nationalism in the Global Community.” (The Professors World Peace Academy does not normally issue policy statements. A This was the first position statement statement on apartheid was issued in 1984 in response to concerns of PWPA leaders in ever to be signed by the directors, al- Africa. This statement is a response to PWPA members concerned about nationalism and though Reverend Kwak signed the its linkage to war, genocide, and refugees.) “Statement on Apartheid in South Af- rica” in 1984 with the Board’s ap- Nationalism is one of the most explosive issues in the world. in the last proval. two centuries, the nation state has become the normal formn of political Among other things, the PWPA organization. This level of social organization brings order to large popula- Congress provides a big boost to the tions consisting of many different ethnic and kinship groups. Many people host country, in this case, England and believe that the durability of the political system requires a specific na- PWPA Europe. There had been a flurry tional identity and patriotism. However, the nation state, although provid- of newspaper articles in Europe in re- ing many benefits to its citizens, has often been the source of injustice and cent years accusing PWPA, the Unifi- violence. cation Church, or other organizations Although patriotism as a form of service to society is a virtue, national- founded by Reverend Moon, of being ism that exalts a particular national group over others, is inherently dis- “fascist” or “neo-nazi,” or of advocat- criminatory. This vulgar use of the state has been manifested in fascism, ing some other form of right-wing big- nazism, and other ultranationalisms. it twists the natural good will and otry. Some of these allegations led to patriotism of citizens into an engine of human destruction and turns many declined invitations or forced the early local inhabitants into often helpless refugees. withdrawal of participants in the con- International communism attempted to solve modem social problems gress. The statement was intended to by creating a supranational state and by replacing all traditional national set the record straight when journal- cultures with a rational state culture. However, the breakdown of the So- ists or professors question our position viet system after seventy years shows that national identity cannot be erased on these issues. The statement can also or forcibly replaced by a supranational state. National identity as a compo- assist members around the world, be- nent of personal identity runs deeper than ideology. Communism has pro- cause it deals with one of the most duced many of the same calamities that fascism thrust upon the world. pressing issues of the 20th century. The assertion of power, whether it be one nation trying to dominate the international order, or one social group trying to dominate a nation, is a form of bigotry that denies the equal worth of all individuals before God. The Professors World Peace Academy (PWPA), founded by Sun Myung Moon to promote world peace, provides a forum where professors from various backgrounds can meet to discuss solutions to problems facing their own nations and the world. The Professors World Peace Academy is an academic organization which exists for the purpose of promoting values that can lead to peace within all societies and between all societies. The work of PWPA in a nation is not an endorsement of any form of bigotry associated with that nation. On the contrary, such bigotry is one of the divisive forces in the world which PWPA seeks to overcome through the promotion of values which treat all human beings with equal dignity.

82 Professors World Peace Academy

PWPA Books on Democracy Published after the Fourth Congress

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 83

84 Professors World Peace Academy

The Fifth International Congress SOCIETY IN THE 21ST CENTURY Inter-Continental Hotel, Seoul, Korea August 20-24, 1989

Recent advances in technology and the accelerated could best prepare for the changes and make a transition to changes in human society make it possible for us to have a a better society in the 21st century. utopia or a living hell in the 21st century. The Fifth Interna- The Fifth International Congress of the Professors World tional Congress of PWPA Presidents held in Seoul, Korea Peace Academy (PWPA) was held in conjunction with the in August 1992 examined many of the predictable advances 19th International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences in technology and a range of scenarios for the future rang- (ICUS) at the First World Culture and Sports Festival ing from nightmare to utopia. Then the 250 PWPA Presi- (WCSF). Academics from over 100 countries were in at- dents, futurologists, and technological experts participat- tendance. ing in the conference discussed how their own societies In his opening remarks, PWPA International President

The Opening Convocation of the Fifth International Congress of PWPA was held in conjunction with th Nineteenth ICUS at the First World Culture and Sports Festival in Seoul, Korea. Here the Founder of PWPA is speaking.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 85

man beings, to a concept of God, or other important values? It is difficult to think of a more important concern, and one that is receiving less attention from both scholars and the media be- cause we do not know how to deal with speculative topics.” The Technological Papers The technological papers were originally obtained as articles in The World & I magazine by Marcelo Alonso, Senior Researcher at Florida Institute of Technology and author of numerous books, including a recent textbook on physics. He introduced his topic with the following observation: “The ‘human factors’ affecting the de-

PWPA-International President Morton A. Kaplan speaks at the First Plenary Session as futurologists Jerry Pournelle and Charles Sheffield look on.

Morton A. Kaplan stated; “The world narios from utopian to dystopian and is entering an unprecedentedly revo- in between, as a mindstretching exer- lutionary era, much of which will be cise, so we could at least begin to think driven by technology and science. of the future… How will these emerg- Those of us who sit here, if we could ing technologies affect the organiza- be put to sleep and brought back in tion of society, the physical constitu- fifty years, would be unable to com- tion of human beings, their mental ca- prehend the type of world that will pacities, their conception of them- confront citizens of that era… We de- selves, their relationship to other hu- liberately obtained a number of sce-

Marine engineer Athlestan Spilhaus speaks about cities floating on the ocean by the year 2042.

velopment of society are so unpredict- able that a comprehensive forecast of the human future must be intrinsically flawed. At best we can guess some possible scenarios. Beyond ideology, politics, and religion, one other human factor exerts an enormous influence on social evolution in a profound, practi- cally irreversible, and often unpredict- able way. This is the human ability to acquire ‘knowledge’ about the physi- cal world, and to apply this knowledge to create new things that profoundly affect human life. When this unique Marcelo Alonso, who organized the session on Technological Capabilities, introduces feature of human beings is carried out his speakers. in an organized and methodical way it 86 Professors World Peace Academy

is called ‘science and technology.’ ” The following papers were prepared as study papers for this section; “Ma- terials and Energy,” “The Universal Robot,” “Transportation and Commu- nication,” “Biological Technologies,” “Bio-Medical Technologies,” ‘Inhab- iting the Oceans,” and “Living in Space.”

The Scenarios The panel on scenarios was orga- nized by Charles Sheffield, Chief Sci- entist at Earth Satellite Corporation and a past president of the Science Fic- tion Writers of America, who warned in his own text that “If you remember

Dr. Charles Sheffield, organizer of the Scenarios session, holds up a book of scenarios participants were asked to study before the 5th Congress.

Frederik Pohl, a pessimist who re- stead squandered on pork barrel poli- cently wrote Our Angry Earth with the tics, special interests, and the selfish- late Isaac Asimov, predicted that the ness of the wealthy. year 2042 will consist of a world with Jerry Pournelle, a writer, computer a minority of rich people living in tech- columnist, social critic, and another nologically regulated and doomed en- past president of Science Fiction Writ- vironments and a majority of poor ers of America was cautiously optimis- people living in pollution and squalor. tic. He believes that we have the tech- The money which could have been nological capabilities to create a life invested in the future in 1992 was in- of abundance for all but that our cul-

Science Fiction author Jerry Pournelle speaks about the “cautiously optimistic” scenario for 2042.

the past too well, you will see no way that the future can ever be different.” An optimist, he argued that some of our greatest fears today; shortages of national resources and excessive pol- lution, may not be the major challenges to face. That the earth may respond to increased carbon dioxide from burn- ing fuels by growing more plants. He predicted that population growth would be controlled, that starvation would be eliminated, that medical treatment would be noninvasive, that cities would shrink to units of 30,000 or less, and that the work week would A view of the audience at a session of the 5th International Congress of PWPA be reduced to ten hours. PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 87

Many chapters responded by holding national conferences on the theme, and some chapters had published books or newspaper articles locally on the theme before coming to the Congress in Seoul. Six of the chapter papers, represent- ing the different continents of the world, were chosen for presentation before the entire conference, then pan- els met regionally to discuss future society in their own regions. While each part of the world is unique, most writers agreed that we are now glo- bally interdependent and that regional unification will become a trend in the coming decades. Many of the contri- butions from poor countries saw little Professor Andrew Gonzalez, President of De Lasalle University in the Philippines relevance of the particular technolo- presents a regional scenario. Other pnelists shown are Christie Davies from the UK gies the wealthy nations were produc- and Ivor Vivian from Australia. ing, either because they were too poor, their cultures were indifferent, or that ture is dysfunctional. He noted that in is ourselves: “One thing is clear: any more appropriate technologies for their 1991 the United States literacy rate optimistic projection of the future must own situation should be developed. was lower than Iraq and commented assume that the nation—all of West- Professor Armando de la Torre from that the public school system in ern civilization—will undergo a re- Guatemala spoke on behalf of many America has degenerated into little vival of morality and find new well- less developed nations when he said more than a vast welfare scheme. He springs of moral behavior. Indeed, one that “the point of reference will have ultimately believes that the crisis in might even say that this is the very to be the present state of development, America’s moral culture and educa- definition of an optimistic future.” not the development of those countries tional system can be met by a revolu- that have gone ahead of us in the race tion of the American people, who usu- PWPA Presidents Papers for progress.” He suggested that those ally rise late to crises, but rose to meet PWPA Chapters throughout the nations now classified as underdevel- the challenge of World War II. world were sent a booklet of the tech- oped will be divided into two diver- Pournelle went beyond political and nological projections and the scenarios gent groups (1) those that passively economic and technological solutions to study a year before the conference. move by inertia and (2) those who ag- to conclude that this time the enemy

Professor Golazewska from Poland, Professor Oluyemi from Nigeria, and Armando de la Torre from Guatemala presented scenarios for society in 2042 in their own regions.

88 Professors World Peace Academy

gressively pursue self-development which will accelerate the wellbeing of their populations. The Guatemalans expressed the desire to see “an authen- tically developed modern culture, by which we mean acculturation and as- similation of all those values that hu- man experience has shown to be more beneficial to mankind.” The Nigerians stated that “to build realistic future scenarios demands a new concept of power and a new con- cept of organizational values. To cre- ate future means much more than new technologies; it demands creating cul- PWPA delegates from Africa at a regional panel session tures and peopling society with new culture bearers who will be able to adapt our imposed technologies and their cultural impacts.” They felt their challenge is primarily political and organizational revitalization, not tech- nological breakthroughs as such. Dr. Subhi Qasem from Jordan saw the major challenge of the Arab World as that of overcoming internal strife, resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and integration into the larger world. The Arab world contains a great amount of wealth and scientific edu- cation and has been able to adapt it to specific problems, such as growing food in and land. However, the diver- sity of resources in Arab countries re- quires regional cooperation if a better life for all in the Middle East is to be Professor Adjangba from Togo asks a speaker a question from the floor realized. Professor Weerayudh Wichiarajotc from Thailand argued that balanced development would have to address the “three dimensional goals of life and society;” (1) spiritual and psychologi- cal, (2) social-cultural, and (3) mate- rial-economic. Science and technol- ogy, he argued, should be applied to each of these areas The West, from this perspective, is bound up in an unbal- anced development that refers science and technology primarily to the material_economic sphere, to a lesser extent the social sphere, and very little application to the spiritual_moral sphere. He argued that the long term Dr. Andrew Wilson meets with scholars interested in the proposed ICF Encyclopedia strength of the Buddhist culture was a project over lunch. stress on balance and the development

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 89

edge has been accelerating exponen- tially and in our own lifetime one half of the technology used today was in- vented. The first dimension of the scientific revolution to transform our social world grew out of physics and mate- rial and energy technologies. Galileo, Copernicus, Newton and Laplace helped us to understand principles of physics and mechanics, which in turn led to the development of machines and the industrial manufacturing of machines. Industry allowed our soci- eties to change from traditional agrar- ian economies rooted in the family to an industrial and money based national Dr. Anthony Guerra, Dean of the College of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies at economy. Our societies are still strug- the University of Bridgeport, speaks about his vision of the university. gling to understand the role of the fam- ily and traditional values in a chang- of spiritual technologies. tremely valuable. It marked a turn in ing world. The capitalist versus com- There were many other interesting the history of PWPA from chapters munist debate was a social and ideo- papers presented, most notable to me being the passive recipients of presen- logical consequence of these modern were those from Poland, Australia, tations from the world’s experts on a developments. England, and the Philippines. The con- theme to the development of an inter- The revolution in materials is con- ference was truly a chance for global national academic body that is pioneer- tinuing. Today we are developing su- dialogue with representatives of the 15 ing new ground for the future. perconductors and miniature machines new republics that made up the former which are built by the manipulation of Soviet Union present. Exchanges were The Scientific Revolution individual molecules. The develop- often sharp, but mollified by the genu- ment of robotics and computers has ine goodwill on the part of all to work The introduction of the scientific reduced the need for heavy manual towards the creation of a better world. method several hundred years ago has labor and thrust us into an informa- The type of exercise Professor led to more accurate knowledge of the tion age. Virtual reality is able to place Kaplan pushed us through was ex- world in which we live. This knowl- us in artificial sensual environments while sitting in our living rooms; it can be used constructively to train for fly- ing aircraft or deep sea diving or it can be used as a drug giving us artificial stimulation in a society we feel pow- erless to control. Today some of the most exciting and controversial developments of the scientific revolution has reached the biological stage. Our technology has allowed us to look at cells and genes and develop the potential to alter and create new life forms. We might cre- ate food in laboratories in cold cli- mates by duplicating foods found natu- rally in the tropics, or we might create new foods all together. It is possible The 5th International Congress, held in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union and many changes in international relations, allowed many delegates from countries to develop new species of animals or new to PWPA to attend. On the left is a delegate from Syria and on the right is a to change the animals that exist. We delegate from Kyrghizistan. might develop commercial biological

90 Professors World Peace Academy

products to replace conventional prod- ucts. For example, bathroom cleanser might be replaced with a bacteria that consumes mold, mildew and grease. We may also be able to clone organ tissue and replace defective human organs with good ones, extending the human life span. However, biological technologies can also be used for evil social pur- poses. For example, plagues could be produced to exterminate people the inventors dislike. We might select the features of our children that arc cur- rently fashionable in a manner similar to shopping for furniture and abort fe- tuses which will have features we dis- like (eg., color of eyes, skin, or hair). Besides the promise of good food and PWPA Founder Sun Myung Moon greetsDr. Charles Sheffield before the a long life, the biological technologies congratulatory banquet also hold out the specter of mass ex- tinction and the desacralization of life. can be built with buried conductors to New developments in technology power electric cars that would have are upon us. If we do not plan their Technology is Directed by sensors which would automatically use for good, they will be developed Human Beings guide the cars and keep them from by others for evil. While we have im- colliding with one another. We could mediate economic needs and crises, we While basic science makes possible thus imagine a society with the con- may find ourselves as unwilling slaves the development of an array of tech- venience of the contemporary automo- in an undesirable future unless we nologies, which technologies are bile but without many of the negative know about the world we live in, the implemented depends upon the mo- consequences. changes that are coming, and plan for tives of human beings. Technology can them accordingly. be directed for the good of all people or it can be used as an instrument of domination and control. Steel can make swords or plowshares. Techno- logical developments are inevitable, but their form and use are determined by the type of people and society we have. For example, we have many possi- bilities for transportation. If the world is run by a few powerful men, they will organize transportation centered on themselves the way “all roads led to Rome,” or to Moscow, or to port cit- ies in colonized Africa. In the future they are likely to develop armed hovercraft that would ferry supplies between global industrial lords and maflia or gang leaders. On the other hand, if the world is further democra- tized we may develop pollution and A view of the congratulatory banquet at the 1st World Culture and Sports Festival, to accident free vehicles that can get any- which PWPA participants were invited along with participants of several other one anywhere conveniently. Highways conferences.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 91

We Live in an Important we have witnessed the breakdown of only a privileged few. oppression, whether it be by reli- Today, with the near universal ac- Period gious, political, economic, or mili- ceptance of some form of democracy, Most of human history has been tary authority. there is an opportunity for masses of dominated by authoritarianism of one While good people and good soci- people to direct the use of science and type or another. Previously it had been eties can lead to good ends, in most of technology to a better life for all. How- impossible up to imagine shaping a history good people have been pre- ever, this requires widespread educa- world where science and technology vented from making their contribu- tion and a moral culture that respects could be applied to the betterment of tions by systems of domination. Sci- all people as having equal dignity. This all and not just the betterment of a few. ence and technology have benefitted will mean transformation of traditional Through the last four hundred years cultures and the animosities toward others they have often created. The new world culture will re- quire, as Professor Wichiarajote explained, balanced development of the spiritual, social, and material dimensions of life. It will require, as Armando de la Torre stated, the desire to transform our own cultures by adapting to new technologies as well as adopting values that have proven to work better for others. I would agree with Dr. Pournelle’s comment that new wellsprings of moral behavior might even be the definition of an optimistic future. Not adequately discussed at the Fifth International Congress of PWPA was the role that the family, which in a more fundamental way than the schools, is the wellspring of moral behavior. For an optimis- tic future to be realized then, the family must perform its role of cre- ation of good people. We have therefore, I believe appropriately, chosen “The Future of the Family” to be the theme of the Sixth Inter- national Congress of PWPA to be held in 1995.

The book The World of 2044 was a product of the Fifth International Congress of PWPA

92 Professors World Peace Academy

The Sixth International Congress THE FUTURE OF THE FAMILY Sheraton Walker Hill Hotel, Seoul Korea August 21-25, 1995

Two hundred participants from 100 nations attended The rapid transportation, and global communication. Sixth International Congress of Professors World Peace Throughout much of human history the family has not Academy in Seoul, Korea, August 21-25, 1995. The theme only been the fundamental unit of socialization, but it has of the congress was “The Future of the Family.” been the basic economic unit also. On family farms, in cot- The family, which is the fundamental building block of tage industries, business, or among hunter-gathers, all gen- society, has exhibited a variety of forms throughout the erations lived together and supported one another. Families world. Despite this wide variety which socialize human were often extended families or joint families. Children were beings into the world’s many cultures and ethnic groups, socialized not only into the moral norms of their parents, several global factors have begun to impact families every- but their economic activities as well. Grandmothers helped where. These factors include industrialization, urbanization, take care of the children. “Social security” was provided by

The opening plenary session of the Sixth International Congress of PWPA was held in conjucntion with the Twentieth ICUS at the Second World Culture and Sports Festival in Seoul, Korea. PWPA-International President Morton A. Kaplan is speaking.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 93

Gordon L. Anderson is presenting a paper at the first plenary session of the Sixth International Congress. Seated left to right are Albert Venter, President of PWPA South Africa, Eugene Rolfe from the Secretariat of the UN Year on the Family, and Jerry E. Pournelle, futurologist.

the family as a unit. vertising, adult themes, social prob- upon defined geographical boundaries. While there have been many cities lems, and violence. These attempts, notably in the former and empires in history, the backbone Throughout the world, from the USSR and Yugoslavia, reflect a desire of the human economic life has been Eskimo in Alaska to the Maasai tribes for identity and cultural security in a family farms and enterprises. That has in Kenya and the Hindu family in In- very uncertain and changing world. changed with modern industrialization dia, these global phenomena are mak- Even Nazism, Stalinism, and Maoism and postindustrial life. Individuals ing their impact. The global pluralism can be seen as attempts to create a cli- move from traditional homelands to present in modern life has led numer- mate of cultural uniformity, albeit a work in industries for a salary. They ous traditional national or ethnic “modern” culture secured by force no longer depend on their families for groups to take extraordinary measures against pluralism of the human world. economic support and they are often to protect a “pure culture.” The geno- However, the attempts to return to separated from traditional kinship sys- cide in Cambodia, the forced evacua- traditional families or the simple agrar- tems and find themselves trying to tion of Phnom Penh by the Khmer ian life of the past are doomed from raise their children in a culturally di- Rouge, was an example of a reaction the start. One reason is that the world verse and sometimes hostile urban to modern urban life by a people who is too populated today for each family environment. The advent of global wanted to retain an agrarian economy. to have sufficient arable land to feed communications facilitates the “inva- The wars being fought in Bosnia- itself by traditional methods. Modern sion” of foreign thoughts and cultural Hercegovina, Somalia, Laos, and else- industrial farming enables only two patterns into the home, where impres- where are signs that human beings percent of the population to raise food sionable children are exposed to a mi- everywhere are still attempting to im- for everyone. rage of sound bites, a barrage of ad- pose their particular ethnic culture Secondly, people throughout the

94 Professors World Peace Academy

world desire the conveniences of mod- ern life. They are not willing to give up televisions, cars, refrigerators, and washing machines to return to a life of constant manual labor. Thirdly, glo- bal radio and satellite television con- tinually provide awareness of the pos- sibilities of modern technology and the styles of life led by other people throughout the world. Not even Alba- nia, one of the world’s most isolated countries, could hold such forces at bay. Fourthly, war and famine and eco- nomic conditions have led to great migrations and growing pluralism in all parts of the world. Finally, many of the benefits of modern life require free trade and the liberalizing of move- ment across state boundaries. Dr. Robert Woodson speaks on the panel “Family Crises and Community Intervention.” Seated(left to right) are David Genders, Roberta Pournelle, Ralph Families throughout the world are Segalman, David Marsland, and Geoffrey Partington being forced to adapt to modern life and globalization. Religious traditions seem relativized, social security for the that could otherwise be performed by made by Eugene Rolfe, who worked elderly is uncertain, children of mo- government, schools, day care provid- for the Secretariat of the UN Year of dernity become an economic liability, ers, and significant others, supported the Family (1994). He spoke about the rather than an asset, divorce rates have those who argued for alternative fam- prominence of the family in global increased, many children of the “ur- ily forms. However, the data is in, and concerns and the development of our ban jungles” join gangs and engage in there is no doubt that children are best global discourse on family life and crime. The family and society is forced served by traditional two parent fami- action that supports families. The third to change to function in the conditions lies. keynote presentation was given by of modern life. Family life is being Another keynote presentation was Jerry Pournelle, a science fiction writer affected profoundly and globally. The PWPA conference was com- posed of a number of experts on spe- cific areas; the history of the family, the family in a cross-cultural perspec- tive; solving problems of dysfunc- tional families; addressing social con- ditions that create family breakdown; and the future of the family. The keynote session included a pa- per by Jean Elshtain of the University of Chicago who argued that the most tragic aspect is that it is the children, and thus the future, that suffers the most when families break down. The family crisis in America has been ex- acerbated by destructive beliefs that have persisted since the 1960’s—and some of those beliefs have been fos- tered by academics. She explained how the “functional view” of the fam- Dr. Nicholas N. Kittrie makes his Chairman’s introduction on the panel “Family ily, which basically says that the fam- Change and Alternative Families.” Speakers (left to right) are Carl Pfluger, Mitchell ily performs basic socialization tasks B. Pearlstein, Norge Jerome, Twila Perry, Dennis O’Keeffe and Linz Audain.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 95

and computer columnist with a great eties, and the present day. Jon Davies, izing and global trends affecting the interest in the future of society. He of the University of Newcastle in the family in their respective cultural spoke about a “war on the family” be- UK, ended up this historical survey spheres and how their cultures could ing waged today; no-fault divorce, with the statement that “if present adapt to meet the challenges of the government policies that tax marriage trends continue, the known forms of present world. This panel, on the and subsidize illegitimacy, sex the family will, in the modern societ- whole, was somewhat optimistic about “education”and teen pregnancy. In or- ies of the West, be replaced by patterns the ability of their societies to adapt. der to reverse these trends, we must of associative (rather than intimate) The key would be the revitalization of reverse the thrust of a whole century. relationships between adults, and of some of the values of the traditional He was hopeful that the computer and contractual relationships between gen- institutions. information revolutions would allow erations--and all of this within a pat- “Family Crises and Community In- the decentralization of society and the tern of fertility rates which, in some tervention” was the title of Panel chance for people to work more at of the most ‘modern’ parts of the world, Three, chaired by sociologist Ralph home and spend more time with their on present trends, imply radically re- Segalman of California State Univer- families. duced populations by the middle of the sity, Northridge. the first presentation, “The Family as a Complex Institu- next century.” Societies based on im- by David Marsland, was a trenchant tion” was the theme of Panel One, mediate gratification have little use for criticism of the present welfare state Chaired by Geoffrey Ainsworth children. and government social services. He Harrison, of Oxford University. It ex- Panel Two, Chaired by Bina Gupta stated that the family was “The key amined the forms and function of the of the University of Missouri, looked buffer and bulwark of freedom be- family in many societies in the past, at “The Changing Role of the Family” tween the individual and the power of from the “pre-state” family forms that in the various cultural spheres; Islamic, large-scale bureaucratic organizations, existed before the development of Chinese, Hindu, African, Latin Ameri- in particular the state.” Social work- empires and states, through the ancient can, Western, and Post-Soviet societ- ers are damaging the family in the fol- civilizations and empires, feudal soci- ies. The presenters examined modern- lowing ways; advocating rights of un-

At the final dinner, PWPA-International President Morton A. Kaplan presents Reverend and Mrs. Moon with a trophy as an expression of thanks for their support for PWPA.

96 Professors World Peace Academy

married mothers and delinquent fa- thers at the cost of their responsibili- ties, encouraging state dependency rather than self-reliance, subverting the authority of parents under speciously defined children’s rights, and by over- emphasizing the normalcy of divorce and cohabitation, contributing to the notion that marriage is passé and un- necessary. David Genders, a social work pro- fessional, while not denying Marsland’s claims, made a presenta- tion on programs he is involved with that make self-reliance and release from the system a goal of the pro- grams. Geoffrey Partington, a senior lec- turer in education, explained why the public schools must be able to teach basic norms and values that place the family at the center of socialization. Roberta Pournelle spoke about com- puter software that can assist the de- velopment of reading skills in young people whom the schools had given up on. Robert Woodson, President of the National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise, described how top-down government programs designed to al- leviate family and community crises have often aggravated them. He spoke about the need to reinvigorate grass- roots community organizing for self- reliance and citizenship and gave ex- amples of people who had been trans- Over 70 PWPA delegates worldwide contributed reports on the state of the family in formed. their nations. The reports were printed in a book The Worldwide State of the Family Ralph Segalman summarized the which was distributed to participants of the Sixth International Congress. sources of family decline in Western culture and the serious implications believes that fatherlessness is the most it leads to irresponsibility, welfare de- that it has for continuing democracy serious social problem in America to- pendence and ignorance. Other speak- and economic prosperity. He sug- day, and how it is leading to serious ers on the panel represented some of gested interventions that could help debilitation of American young these “progressive” forces which want make people good parents, encourage people. The second speaker, a “equity- to further liberalize definitions of the marriage stability, and provide for feminist,” strongly criticized the more family, and why they feel such liber- adoption for children born into “at-risk radical “gender-feminists”which de- alization is warranted: abuse, oppres- families.” Segalman also provided a monize men and contribute to the de- sion, and lack of personal development bibliography on the family. struction of the family. Dennis in some traditional families. In the heat “Family Change, Alternative Fami- O’Keeffe explained a general “dialec- of the debate, the speakers often spoke lies, and Public Policy,” co-chaired by tic of moronization” in Western cul- past one another, defending their own Nicholas Kittrie and Norge Jerome, ture in which the “lowest common positions without answering some of was the most controversial panel, with moral denominator” develops in the the concerns of the others. strongly opposed opinions. interaction of family, society and The conference was attended by The first speaker explained why he school. Under the name of “progress,” PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 97

Two books were produced from the papers presented at the PWPA Congress on The Future of the Family: The Familiy in Global Transition, edited by Gordon L. Anderson and Reclaiming the Family, edited by Ralph Segalman.

98 Professors World Peace Academy

The Seventh International Congress IDENTITY AND CHARACTER Washington Hilton and Towers, Washington, DC USA November 24-29, 1997

“Identity and Character: The Influence of Family and that new technologies can be used for good or for bad, for Society on Personality” development was the topic of the peace or for war, depending upon the type of person that Seventh International Congress of Professors World Peace uses them. Because individuals are formed in the family, Academy held in Washington, DC, November 24-27, 1997. the 6th International Congress, looked at the “Future of the One hundred sixty participants from 100 countries attended Family,” the cornerstone of society. At that congress, Presi- the conference which was held at the Washington Hilton dent Morton Kaplan asked where we could find the men and Towers. and women of character needed by our societies in our The conference theme developed out of the 5th Interna- modern individualistic and hedonistic culture. He referred tional Congress which looked at technological development to the Reverend Moon as an example of a man who knows and the future of society. It was clear from that conference who he is and lives his life based on that self-identity. It

The opening plenary session of the Seventh International Congress of PWPA was held in conjucntion with the Twenty-First ICUS at the Third World Culture and Sports Festival in Washington, DC. International Cultural Foundation president Neil A. Salonen is speaking.

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 99

the philosophical foundations of char- acter. Classical western civilization is rooted in Greek philosophy, notably that of Aristotle. Dr. Jude Dougherty, Dean of the School of Philosophy at Catholic Uni- versity of America, explained the com- mon body of belief that made up West- ern identity and underpinned the legal systems of the West. Dr. John Simpson explained the challenge to Western tra- dition from Descartes onwards to the deconstructionist philosophy of Derrida which relativizes all notions universal truth and morality. He emphasized the importance of stories as communicating concepts of self and cultural values that serve as a Sun Myung Moon delivered Founder’s Remarks at the Opening Convocation for the basis for relations between individu- PWPA Seventh International Congress als and civilizations. Dr. Lloyd Eby continued on this theme with an at- was decided that the 7th Congress Such a man has a sense of identity and tempt to disprove those who say that would be organized directly on the a predictable character will flow from everything is relative and there is no topic of Identity. it. Kaplan used the example to explain basis for communication across lan- In his opening remarks, Dr. Kaplan how all people, whether they are a guages and cultures. In the end, he told a story about a street vendor in simple vendor or a national leader, can said, communication may be difficult Japan who sold him a teapot. Kaplan attain a sense of identity and character but it can take place and we can learn was in a hurry, but the man insisted on that will be beneficial to others and to understand one another. cleaning it and packaging it very care- society as a whole. The speakers on Panel 2 looked at fully. He knew his job, and he knew The conference looked at the topic the formation of selfhood from the the optimal way to serve his client. from several angles. Panel 1 explored standpoint of psychology and sociol- ogy. Tamara Ferguson spoke about the formation of conscience in young chil- dren and how they internalize the stan- dards and rules of their family and so- ciety. Then Tom Kando looked at the influence of family on the formation of selfhood and some of the dysfunc- tion and pathology in families in “ad- vanced” societies. He argued that it is only through primary socialization groups like the family that individuals learn to be responsible participants and contributors to society. Edward Wynne next discussed the role of the educa- tional institution in character develop- ment and some of the challenges to accomplishing this task in contempo- rary society. Jeff Adams presented an overview of the influence of religion on personality development from the perspective of psychology and Mar- PWPA-International President Morton A. Kaplan speaks about the importance of garet Poloma spoke about the influ- character and identity at the Opening Convocation ence of Charismatic religion on per-

100 Professors World Peace Academy

sonal identity and motivation. Stanley Rothman contributed a paper on the influence of the media on personality development. Looking at the influence of the 1960s, William R. Garrett put forward the thesis that the1960s generation was not the radical break with historical development in American history that traditionalists claim. Rather, the liber- alization trends were part of a century- long adjustment to globalization that taking place, but had just been put on hold during World War II and the 1950s. He argued that although the drug culture, increased pre-marital sex, and counter-cultural dropouts were casualties of the 1960’s generation, the period led to articulation of greater Patricia Lanca from Portugal presents a paper on “Gender as Identity” on a panel personal responsibility and self-defi- chaired by Dr. Nicholas Kittrie nition. Dean Hoge, in his discussion of the impact of the “Baby Boomers” and Rabindranath Tagore in India. shed a wealth of insight into the for- on society, disagreed with Garrett, These people all provided great lead- mation of such people. emphasizing that “me-firstism is too ership to their societies when con- Panel 4 looked at Identity and Char- strong, and that baby boomers are not fronted with challenges or transitions. acter in Literary Figures. The charac- enough prepared to make the neces- Their own sense of identity, justice, ters in great works of literature, and sary sacrifices of personal self-express and right carried them forward, often today on the movie screen, have a great for the sake of community values. Jose in very adverse conditions, until they impact on our sense of identity. As re- Casanova examined the formation of prevailed. What kind of upbringing mote observers of these stories, we selfhood and identity in the post com- and what type of experiences created identify positively and negatively with munist countries, which lost their im- such leaders? The panel presentations the actions and decisions of literary posed cultural identity with the col- lapse of communism. The panel con- cluded with a discussion by Peter Beyer of our growing sense of global identity and the paradoxical impact of the value pluralism that comes with globality which makes all positions seem somewhat arbitrary. At the end of the first day partici- pants enjoyed William Kilpatrick’s talk “Experiments in moral Education.” Identity and Character in Historical Figures was the topic of Panel 3. Ex- perts discussed the formation of the character and sense of identity in nine recent historical persons who have had great influence on their societies: Mar- garet Thatcher and , Winston Churchill in England, Hideki Tojo in Japan, Nelson Mandela in South Africa, Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya, Charles DeGaulle lloyd Eby, editor of the Currents in Modren Thought section of The World & I in France, Alcide de Gasperi in Italy, magazine, presents his paper “Can We Understand One Another After All?” Walter Judd in the American Congress,

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 101

The tragic fate awaits those whom we often recognize as “human,” yet the true leader has sense of self and of loy- alty to the community which allows for successful adaptation to new so- cial and physical realities. The final group of plenary presen- tations examined “Identity in a Plural- istic Age.” The fifteen presenters in this section focused more on collec- tive identities and policy. Whereas tra- ditional identity for much of the world was shaped among one’s kin in a small geographic area, today identity is cre- ated in global conditions with family William Garrett, one of the conference members often separated by large dis- Philosopher Bina Gupta spoke about organizers, presents his paper on “The tances. Other types of communities Identity in Hindu culture. Influence of the 60s on Character and Identity.”

figures-both heroes and villains. Un- identity with respect to certain groups: like the figures on the historical panel, Arabs, the New “Soviet Man,” Black the characters in the literary works Africans and South Africans. suffered a tragic fate. Cordelia in Following the 40 presentations of Shakespeare’s King Lear remained the first 2 1/2 of the conference, PWPA truthful even though their world was delegates from 100 countries broke falling apart. Okonkwo in Achebe’s into regional sessions to discuss issues Things Fall Apart failed to adjust to of identity and character as relates to the modern and colonial changes in their own part of the globe. They had Africa leading him to becoming an each prepared reports that were com- outcast. Captain Ahab in Moby Dick piled in a conference book Identity and was a man of indomitable will who Character: A Worldwide Survey. They became a crippled and driven figure also came to the conference table with responsible for the death of his crew. specific concerns, issues and ideas to Charles Larsen presents the character of Okwonku in the book Things Fall Apart by Achebe

have arisen which influence our iden- tity. Religion, gender, race, national- ity, and ethnic identities compete among one another for loyalties and state policies. The background for the discussion was set forth by Nicholas Kittrie, Gordon Anderson, Jan Knappert, Jack Susman and Daniel Robinson. They looked at issues of identity in the modern world, the rela- tion of individual to collective identi- ties, the problem of alienation and his- torical approaches. Then specific pa- pers were presented on the questions Diane Dreher, who presented a paper on Hon. Kenneth D. Whitehead presented a of race, nationality, religion, gender. “Cordelia in Shakespeare’s King Lear” paper on the character of Charles de Gaulle. Thirdly, were papers that looked at asks a question of another speaker.

102 Professors World Peace Academy

discuss. The Latin Americans are divided according to identities with Europe, Africa, and the Native Americans. The most common problems are: • Increased urbanization leading to decreased family loyalty. • Problems of migration from Latin America to the United States. • The erosion of civility and mu- tual respect. • Globalization and its effect on the economy and the higher cost of law. The Asians noted they have been developing their post-colonial identity since World War II. The region is a melting pot of migrating peoples in which leaders of national indepen- Lively discussion followed the sessions into the coffee breaks dence have always seemed to have an insatiable demand for power. Even today’s democracies are autocracies in identities and those that have take on Kaplan for developing the vision for democratic skin which continue to ig- western identity. the conference and the William Garrett nore the will of the people. They asked PWPA to hold a major and Jude Doughterty, who helped se- The Europeans noted that identity congress in Africa and would like to cure the paperwriters. was lost with the collapse of commu- see financial support for activities. nism and many people and nations are The Middle East group attempting to return to the pre-com- gave some hope that the munist identity of their grandparents. turmoil and war of the last In the West, millions of migrants are 40 years might be subsid- affecting the identities of once homo- ing. Using Lebanon as a geneous states. New Europe is becom- case in point, they found ing much more multi-cultural and this unifying factors in lan- is creating tension with those who guage and history. They hang on to traditional identities, shout- noted that the ing slogans like “Germany for the Ger- authoritarianism in Iran mans.” Right-wing authoritarianism is may also be on the wane. on the rise following in the wake of Although the country is left-wing collapse. Creating a new still run by the defenders identity is harder than returning to xe- of traditional Islam, there nophobic movements. The Europeans is a larger group of the though that the United States could be population which works instructive for them; otherwise the toward modernization. newcomers may become a type of glo- Overall, the panelists bal underclass. Those in the former and the international del- Soviet Bloc expressed a strong inter- egates expressed gratitude est in having PWPA hold a regional to attend this event which conference related to identity-indi- was marked by the high vidual, ethnic, and national-- in the level of papers and discus- post-soviet world. sion on a theme that all felt The Africans distilled identities op- was relevant to present erating simultaneously, those that iden- society and their own tify with African traditions, those that nation’s issues. Credit is Two volumes on Character and Identity were produced from the Seventh international Congress. have mixed traditional and foreign certainly due to Morton

PWPA-INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES 103

Conference VIPs gathered for a photo before marching out to the head table for the Opening Convocation

A joint session of PWPA and ICUS gathered to discuss development of the World University Federation. Dr. Richard Rubenstein, President of the University of Bridgeport, is speaking.

104 Professors World Peace Academy

Conference List

INTERNATIONAL PWPA CONFERENCES 1973-1999* (*Partial List Compiled From Previous Material and Reports)

1. May 6, 1973 PWPA Founding Meeting Seoul, Korea 2. April 24-27, 1974, 1st ICWP (International Conference on World Peace): World Peace, and Asia, Seoul, Korea 3. July 22-27, 1974, 2nd ICWP: Asian Security, and the Free World, Taipei, China 4. Sept. 28, 1974, Foundation Meeting of Japan, Japan 5. Dec. 19-24, 1974 3rd ICWP: Asia in Crisis,Quest for New Hope Tokyo, Japan 6. Sept. 3-8, 1975 4th ICWP: Future Aspects of Asia and the Changing World Seoul, Korea 7. Dec. 14-16, 1975 5th ICWP: Strategy for Peace Tokyo, Japan 8. Sept. 24-28, 1976 6th ICWP: National Culture and World Peace Seoul, Korea 9. February 3, 1977 7th ICWP: Northeast Asian Security, Taipei, China 10. July 23-29, 1978 8th ICWP: The Pacific Era:Issues for the 80’s and Beyond Tokyo, Japan 11. July 16-20, 1979 9th ICWP: Korea: A Model Semi-Developed Country Seoul, Korea 12. Sept. 15-16, 1979 Future of Child Education I,London, U.K. 13. Oct. 20-21, 1979 The Future of the Family:A Cross-Cultural Perspective London, U.K. 14. 1980, PWPA Meeting, Salzburg, Austria 15. Aug 25-Sep 1, 1980 10th ICWP: World Issues for the 80’s Taipei, China 16. Sept. 21-25, 1980 Future of Child Education II London, U.K. 17. April 17-18, 1981, 1st National Conference, Rome, Italy 18. May, 1981, Information and Politics, Salzburg, Austria 19. July 10-14, 1981 11th ICWP: Modernization:Asian Perspectives Tokyo, Japan 20. September, 1981 American Foreign Policy Options Wash, D.C., USA 21. 1982, Initial Discussions, Istanbul 22. February 1982, Meeting with Rev. Kwak, Ivory Coast 23. March 1982, Regional Meeting with Rev. Kwak, Peru 24. April 24-26, 1982 Peace and Development, Kinshasa, Zaire 25. May, 1982, TheTransfer of Technology, Rome, Italy 26. May, 2-4, 1982, Planning Meeting, Turkey 27. July 15-18, 1982 12th ICWP:Peace in the 80’s Vision for Asian Seoul, Korea 28. July 26-28, 1982 Science and Technology for Service of Development, Lome, Togo 29. August, 1982 The Role of African Academics in the Development Process, Ife, Nigeria 30. September, 1982 Education for Peace and Development in N. Africa Paris, France 31. September, 1982 Pacifism in Western Europe France 32. October, 1982 The Worldwide Impact of Religion on Contemporary Politics USA Wash., D.C. 33. Jan. 12-14, 1983, International Symposium on Understanding Asian Management, Japan 34. Feb. 5, 1983, First Organizational Meeting, Ottawa, Canada 35. March 4-6, 1983, The Role of Academics in African Education, Zambia 36. March 19, 1983, Development and Prospects of International Marketing Theory, Seoul, Korea 37. May, 1983, Executive Committee Meeting New Zealand 38. May 5, 1983, PWPA Founding Meeting Zimbabwe 39. May 7-8, 1983, Transmission and Development of Traditional Culture, Seoul, Korea 40. May 11-15, 1983, Spirit and Science, Fez, Morocco 41. May 20, 1983, Executive Board, Austrailia 42. May 28, 1983, Is Peace Workable Across Ideologies? Canada

PWPA CONFERENCE LIST 105

43. June 1983, PWPA-Meeting, Bangladesh 44. July 2-3, 1983, Social Sciences and Peace Research, Rome, Italy 45. July 15, 1983, Poverty and Technology, Bangladesh 46. July 29-31, 1983, Peace International, Senegal 47. Aug 28-Spt 3, 1983, 13th ICWP: International Cooperation in East Asia Taipei, China 48. Aug. 29-30, 1983, Interdisciplinary Approaches To Peace I, Sydney, Australia 49. Sept. 9-11, 1983, PWPA Advisory Board Meeting, Virginia, USA 50. Sept. 10, 1983, Definition of Peace: Goodness and Positive Values, Peru 51. Sept. 24, 1983, Crisis of Values and National Peace, Peru 52. October 8, 1983, School, Education and Development in Zair, Zaire 53. Oct. 14-15, 1983, Education and Morality in Contemporary Africa, Lagos, Nigeria 54. Nov. 1983, International Journal on World Peace, Chicago, USA 55. Nov. 3-5, 1983, Regional Cooperation for African Development, Kampala, Uganda 56. November 4, 1983, The Importance of Education in High Technology for the Future Development of the Nation, Argentina 57. Nov. 12-13, 1983, Strategies for Peace and Mutual Understanding, Sri Lanka 58. Nov. 21-25, 1983, International Association of Historians of Asia, Japan 59. December 5, 1983, Guilt and Responsibility, Italy 60. December 9, 1983, Symposium of Sino-Korea-Japan, Taipei 61. Dec. 9-11, 1983, Interdisciplinary Research Conference, Japan 62. Dec. 10-11, 1983, Central America in Crisis, Panama 63. Dec. 14, 1983, Inauguration of the Academic Year, Rome 64. December 18, 1983, 1st International Congress of PWPA Seoul, Korea 65. 1984, Regional PWPA Meeting with Zambia, Zimbabwe 66. 1984, Guilt and Responsibility,Milan 67. Jan. 28-29, 1984, Absolute Values in Peace Prosperity and Politics, India 68. Jan. 29-30, 1984, PWPA Meeting, Brazil 69. March, 1984, PWPA Conference,Uganda 70. March 24, 1984, The Ninoy Aquino Phenomenon, Philippines 71. March 31, 1984, Asian Values and Their Contribution to Development, Malaysia 72. April 15, 1984, The Reality of Vietnam Today, Italy 73. April 18-20, 1984, The Role of Technology in the Development of the Caribbean, Guyana 74. April 26-29, 1984, The Principles and Practice of Peace, United Kingdom 75. May 1984, Triangular Relations, NY, USA 76. June 7-10, 1984, Economic Approaches Applied Outside the Traditional Areas of Economics Vienna, Austria 77. June 8-10, 1984, Education, Youth and Citizenship, Jos, Nigeria 78. June 13, 1984, Scandinavian Conference on the Peace Movement, Denmark 79. June 25-26, 1984, Regional PWPA Meeting, Panama 80. June 25-28, 1984, University: Mirror or Model? Argentina 81. July 5-7, 1984, The University and the Challenge of Rural Transformation in the 1980’s and Beyond, Zambia 82. July 27, 1984, Regional PWPA Meeting, Ivory Coast 83. Aug. 1-4, 1984, 14th ICWP: The Role of East Asia in World Peace, Baguio,Philippines 84. Aug. 2-4, 1984, Trade and Peace in the Middle East, Rome, Italy 85. October, 1984, Technology in Argentina, Argentina 86. Nov. 2-4, 1984, Interdisciplinary Approaches to Peace II, Kooralbyn, Australia 87. Nov. 23-25, 1984, Alimentary Independence in the Strategy for Development, Zaire 88. December, 1984, Media in Shaping Public Opinion, Argentina 89. December, 1984, The Latin American Debt Problem, Chile 90. Dec. 11, 1984, Spirit and Nature, Rome, Italy 91. Dec. 14-17, 1984, Regional PWPA Seminar, Peru 92. Dec. 15, 1984, Psycho-biologic Strategies for Peace, France 93. Dec. 18, 1984, Anniversary of the First International Congress, New York, USA 94. 1985 PWPA-Japan Activities 95. 1985, Anniversary of the founding of ICF-ROC, Taipei

106 Professors World Peace Academy

96. 1985, Agricultural Research Seminar Nigeria 97. 1985, Regional PWPA Meeting with Zambia, Zimbabwe 98. Jan. 17-18, 1985, The Role of Academics and Human Relationships in Southern Africa, South Africa 99. January 25-26, 1985, Science for Peace, Rome, Italy 100. Jan. 31-Feb. 2,1985, Crossing the Border: Latin American Immigration to the United States, San Diego, California USA 101. Feb. 2-5, 1985, The Middle East City: A Harmonious Environment for Modern Man, Paris, France 102. Feb. 15-17, 1985, The Hot Peace: The Sino-Soviet-US Triad Los Angeles, California, USA 103. March 14-16, 1985, PWPA Meeting, Brazil 104. March 23-25, 1985, Peace in Europe, New York, New York, USA 105. March 25-26, 1985, PWPA Conference, Thailand 106. March 28, 1985, Annual Planning Meeting for PWPA-India, India 107. April 1985, Planning Meeting for “Crossing the Border,” Texas, USA 108. April 4-5, 1985, Review of Technology Transfer and Development, Bangladesh 109. May 13, 1985, Cooperative Movements--World Experiences, Sana’a, Yemen 110. May 18, 1985, US Foreign Policy in the Philippines, Philippines 111. May 20-21, 1985, International Congress on the Brain and Aggression, Seville 112. May 23-25, 1985, Leadership and Nation Building, Port Harcourt, Nigeria 113. May 24-27, 1985, Economic and Social Development in Malaysia, Malaysia 114. May 31-June 2, 1985, Peace, Freedom and Justice, Sweden 115. June 22-23, 1985, Man: Greek Perspectives in a Modern World, Greece 116. June 1985, Science and Ethics, Argentina 117. June 29-July 2,1985, The University and the Challenge of Youth Development, Zambia 118. July 8-9, 1985, PWPA Inaugural Meeting, Barbados 119. July 15-16, 1985, 15th ICWP: Asia-Pacific in the 21st Century, Tokyo, Japan 120. Aug. 13-17, 1985, 2nd International Congress of PWPA: The Fall of the Soviet Empire Geneva, Switzerland 121. Aug. 30-31, 1985, North Africa, 2000:Prospects for Peace and Prosperity Paris, France 122. Sept. 16-17, 1985, Why Study Peace? United Kingdom 123. Sept. 19, 1985, 1st PWPA Lecture on World Peace, Bangkok, Thailand 124. Sept. 23-25, 1985, PWPA Conference Kenya 125. Sept. 27-28, 1985, The Notion of Value France 126. Oct. 26-27, 1985, Epistemology Today, Rome, Italy 127. Nov. 1-3, 1985, Interdisciplinary Approachs to Peace III, Bronte, NSW Australia 128. Feb 1-4, 1986, Education for the 21st Century, Istanbul, Turkey 129. Feb. 23-26, 1986, Economic Development of Malaysia, Pukhet, Thailand 130. March 1, 1986, “The Future of US-Japan Relations”, Chicago,USA 131. March 21, 1986, 2nd PWPA Lecture on World Peace, Bangkok, Thailand 132. Mar. 21-23, 1986, Ideas Have Consequences Sandton, South Africa 133. April 3-6, 1986, Religion, State, and Society in Modern Britian, Jersey, UK 134. May, 1986, The Role of Academics Kandy, Sri Lanka 135. May, 1986, Education, Employment and Welfare Dhaka, Bangladesh 136. May, 1986, Development in Africa, Nigeria 137. May 12-13, 1986, Psychobiology for Peace, Seville, Spain 138. May 30-June 1, 1986, The Open Society, A Guarantee, Oslo, Norway 139. June, 1986, The Effects of the Drought Dakar, Senegal 140. June 13-15, 1986 Food Production for Whole Development of Africans, Kisantu, Zaire 141. June 20, 1986, World Peace in Nepalese Perspective, Kathmandu, Nepal 142. July, 1986, Morton Kaplan meeting with President Aquino, Philippines 143. July 5-8, 1986, Development Through Self Reliance in S.A.D.C.C. Region, Lusaka, Zambia 144. July 6, 1986, The Impact of the Drought in Africa, Senegal 145. July 15-17, 1986, Science and Development in Africa, Burkina Faso 146. July 15-18, 1986, 16th ICWP: The New Discovery of Asia, Seoul, Korea 147. July 23-26, 1986, Employment, Peace and Development, Abeokuta, Nigeria 148. August, 1986, National PWPA Meeting Montevideo, Uruguay

PWPA CONFERENCE LIST 107

149. August, 1986, Peace and the Crisis of Value, Bogota, Columbia 150. August 8-9, 1986, The Aquino Phenomenon II Manila, Philippines 151. August 20, 1986, The International Year of Peace Paramaribo, Suriname 152. August 28, 1986, Political Change in South Korea, Washington, D.C., USA 153. September, 1986, Roundtable Discussion on Values in Education, Great Britain 154. Sept. 6-7, 1986, Greek-Turkish Dialogue Istanbul, Turkey 155. Sept. 12-15, 1986, The Gorbachev Generation Portland, Maine, USA 156. Sept. 14, 1986, The Case for a New Caribbean Federation, Barbados 157. Sept. 20-21, 1986, Science and Ethics, Netherlands 158. Oct. 2-5, 1986, The Future University in Europe Salzburg, Austria 159. Oct. 3, 1986, Education in Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan 160. Oct. 3-4, 1986, Work and Spirituality, Canada 161. Oct. 30-Nov. 2, 1986, Spain on the Eve of the 21st Century, Torremolinos, Spain 162. November, 1986, Terrorism in the South Pacific New South Wales, Australia 163. Nov. 11, 1986, National PWPA Meeting, Lima, Peru 164. November 24-25, 1986, Bioethics, Argentina 165. December, 1986, Role of South Korea in Asian Development, Tokyo, Japan 166. December, 1986, Roundtable Discussion on: The Reality of Islam, Italy 167. Dec. 12, 1986, Social Changes and Peacein Haiti Port-au-Prince, Haiti 168. Dec. 15-17, 1986, Food Production and Agricultural Policies in Africa, Nigeria 169. Dec. 18, 1986, Superpowers Competition and Middle East Peace Washington, D.C., USA 170. Dec. 19, 1986, Education and Employment, Dhaka, Bangladesh 171. 1987, Portugese Reunion, Spain 172. 1987, Lecture on AIDS, Korea 173. 1987, Honorable Dinner, Thailand 174. Jan. 15-18, 1987, Education Towards a Future Johannesburg, South Africa 175. Jan. 21-25, 1987, Agriculture and Food Production in the Middle East, Athens, Greece 176. Feb. 12-15, 1987, Intellectual Freedom and Government Sponsorship of Education, Grotto Bay, Bermuda 177. April 9-11, 1987, Challenge of the New Technologies to Attack Underdevelopment, Santiago, Chile 178. April, 1987, Displaced People in Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 179. April 27-30, 1987, Speaking Tour: Dr. Morton Kaplan, Mexico 180. May 15, 1987, 2nd Annual Symposium, Columbia 181. June 5, 1987, Agriculture and National Survival, Kaduna, Nigeria 182. June 3-6, 1987, Education, Patriotism and Indigenous Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria 183. June, 1987, The Sudanese Character, Khartoum, Sudan 184. July 3-6, 1987, Women and Development in Africa, Lusaka, Zambia 185. July 15-17, 1987, Education South of the Sahara, Burkina Faso 186. July 22-25, 1987, The Future of Education in East Africa, Kampala, Uganda 187. Aug. 14-16, 1987, The Effect of Modernization on Traditional Values, Nairobi, Kenya 188. Aug. 24-29, 1987, 3rd International Congress of PWPA: China in a New Era: Continuity and Change, Manila, Philippines 189. Aug 30-Sept 3, 1987, 17th ICWP, Taipei, Taiwan 190. Sept. 20-23, 1987, The Sadat Peace Initiative, Athens, Greece 191. Oct. 2-5, 1987, The Common Heritage and Future of Europe Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia 192. Oct. 23-24, 1987 The Role of Mass Media in the Promotion of Peace, Kampala, Uganda 193. Oct. 24-27, 1987 Historical Consciousness and the Future of Africa, Kinshasa, Zaire 194. November 1987, Forty Years of Independence, New Delhi, India 195. Nov. 6-8, 1987, The Turning Point, Katoomba, NSW, Australia 196. Nov. 6-9, 1987, Spain Towards the 21st Century Alicante, Spain 197. November 11, 1987, Science and Technology in the Development of Africa, Kinshasa, Zaire 198. Nov. 28-29, 1987, Forty Years of Independence, New Delhi, India 199. December 11, 1987, Food Standards and Public Health in Nepal, Nepal 200. Dec. 18, 1987, Gorbachev’s Eastern Bloc,Washington, D.C., USA 201. Dec. 18, 1987, The Role of Academics in Internat’l Understanding, Nigeria

108 Professors World Peace Academy

202. Feb. 2-5, 1988, Industrialization in the Middle East, London, England 203. March 15, 1988 Uganda Quest for a National Language, Kampala, Uganda 204. March 15, 1988, Africa and Its Prospects, Kinshasa, Zaire 205. March 25, 1988, Mobilization of Youth for Mass Education, Dhaka, Bangladesh 206. April 6-10, 1988, Comparative Study of Revolutions, Oxford, England 207. April 7-9, 1988, South Africa: Reform or Revolution? Sandton, South Africa 208. April 7-9, 1988, University Development ,Asuncion, Paraguay 209. May, 1988, Greeks and Turks in Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus 210. May, 1988, Economics, Institutions and Law in an Integrated World, Rome, Italy 211. May 25-28, 1988, 7th Annual Conference and 3rd Agricultural Research Seminar, Owerri, Nigeria 212. June 8, 1988, Terrorism: Roots and Resolution Kathmandu, Nepal 213. June 18-19, 1988, Basic Ethical Values and Moral Practices in East Africa Today, Nairobi, 214. Kenya 215. July 1988, Social Development and Responsibility, Bangladesh 216. July 1-4, 1988, Utilizing Local Resources for Development, Lusaka, Zambia 217. July 7-8, 1988, Biotechnology and Ethics in the World Today Buenos Aires, Argentina 218. July 17-20, 1988, 18th ICWP Conference Manila, Philippines 219. July 22-24, 1988, Science, Culture, and Peace Bobodiovlaho, Burkino Faso 220. August 8, 1988, Guest Speaker, New Delhi, India 221. Sept. 1988, Violence: Root and Resolution Colombo, Sri Lanka 222. Sept, 1988, Ethnic Cooperation in the Process of Nation Building, Mombassa, Kenya 223. Sept. 8-11, 1988, Education and Values Obernay, France 224. October, 1988, Islamic Fundamentalism and Arab Wealth, Oslo, Norway 225. Oct. 8-9, 1988, World Integration: Present and Future, Chianciano, Italy 226. Oct. 13-17, 1988, The Philosophy and Economics of Liberty, Vienna, Austria 227. Oct. 16-20, 1988, Pollution Knows No Frontiers, Varna, Bulgaria 228. October 21, 1988, Future Plans For China Cooperation, Seoul, Korea 229. Oct. 28-30, 1988, First National Conference Paramarimbo, Suriname 230. November 1988, Annual Conference, Bangalore, India 231. November, 1988, Violence: Root and Resolution, Islamabad, Pakistan 232. November, 1988, Violence: Root and Resolution, New Delhi, India 233. November, 1988, 3rd National Congress of PWPA-Spain Alicante, Spain 234. Nov. 11-12, 1988, Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Uganda 235. Nov. 11-13, 1988, Education for What? Windsor, NSW, Australia 236. Nov. 12, 1988, China’s Economic Reforms and a Measure to Counter Inflation 237. Nov. 20, 1988, Population Growth and its Implications, Monrovia, Liberia 238. December, 1988, Inter-African Trade: Prospects for Development, Nairobi, Kenya 239. December, 1988, Biology of Agression Santiago, Chile 240. December, 1988, Talk Program on the Occasion of His Majesty’s Birthday, Kathmandu, Nepal 241. Dec. 1-5, 1988, Towards Relevant Education in Africa, Yaounde, Cameroon 242. Dec. 2-4, 1988, Cultural Multiplicity in Sudan: A Resource for Peace Khartoum, Sudan 243. Dec. 17, 1988, Violence: Root and Resolution, A South Asian Perspective, Kathmandu, Nepal 244. Dec. 15-16, 1988, Annual PWPA Symposium,Washington, D.C., USA 245. Dec. 18, 1988, Advisory Board Dinner, Washington D.C., USA 246. Dec. 30, 1988, Violence: Root and Resolution, Dhaka, Bangladesh 247. Dec. 30, 1988, Housing for All by 2000 A. D., Kathmandu, Nepal 248. Dec. 18, 1988, Media as Vehicle of Peace Nigeria 249. 1989, The Pro-Democracy Movement in China, Korea 250. Jan. 19-22, 1989, Post-Apartheid South Africa, Sandton, South Africa 251. February, 1989, Planning Committee Mtg. for 4th Annual Conference, Liberia 252. Feb. 25, 1989, Political and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Hungary, Seoul, Korea 253. Feb. 1-5, 1989, Culture and Conflict in the Middle East Larnaca, Cyprus 254. March 5, 1989, Violence: Root and Resolution Sri Lanka 255. Mar. 10-11, 1989, Marketing Concept as a Key to Economic Recovery, Kampala, Uganda

PWPA CONFERENCE LIST 109

256. April, 1989, , Introductory Seminar, Gabon 257. April 1, 1989, Founding Meeting Bangkok, Thailand 258. May 3-4, 1989, Symposium on Eastern Europe, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 259. May, 1989,What Can the Netherlands Do to Help Suriname? Amsterdam,Netherlands 260. May 18, 1989, The Future of Chinese-Mexican Relations Mexico City, Mexico 261. May 21, 1989, Development in Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand 262. June 1-2, 1989, National Symposium: Resource Endowment and Nation Building, Lagos, Nigeria 263. June 3, 1989, Development of Democracy in Yemen, Sana’a, Yemen 264. June 7, 1989, Social Education & Ethics Nairobi, Kenya 265. June 30-3, 1989, Population Growth and the Environment Livingstone, Zambia 266. July 15, 1989, Battlefield to Marketplace, Bangkok, Thailand 267. July 22-25, 1989, Development and Peace Ougadougou, Burkina Faso 268. July 24-25, 1989, 19th ICWP: The Obstacles and Scenarios in Forming an Asian Community in the Pacific Era 269. August 25-29,1989, 4th International Congress of PWPA: Liberal Democratic Societies London, England 270. August, 1989, University Education in Kenya in the 1990’s and Beyond, Nairobi, Kenya 271. September 9, 1989, Zambia National Meeting, Livingstone, Zambia 272. Sept, 15-17, 1989, Seminar on Law and Education, Peru 273. Oct. 13-15, 1989, Development in the Baltic States, Oslo, Norway 274. Oct. 20-24, 1989, Education in Europe, Budapest, Hungary 275. November 11, 1989, Thailand as 5th NIC, Bangkok, Thailand 276. Nov. 17-18, 1989, Tradition and Modernity, New Delhi, India 277. Nov. 22-24, 1989, European Integration, Venice, Italy 278. December 8-9, 1989, PWPA Seminar, Segovia, Spain 279. December 18, 1989, Eastern Europe and Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon 280. December, 1989, Agricultural Research Symposium, Lagos, Nigeria 281. Jan. 19-20, 1990 Political Economy of S.A. Johannesburg, South Africa 282. January 20, 1990 The Pacific Rim Era, Bangkok, Thailand 283. January 1990, Youth and Development, Kampala, Uganda 284. February 28, 1990, USSR Foreign Policy, Kampala, Uganda 285. March 5, 1990, Viable Options for the 1990s, Manila, Philippines 286. March 17-18, 1990, Sexual Morality, London, U.K. 287. March 21-22, 1990, Multi-Ethnicity and Unity, Khartoum, Sudan 288. April 4, 1990, Inauguration of PWPA-Czechoslovakia, Prague, Czechoslovakia 289. April 10, 1990, Inauguration of PWPA-USSR, Moscow, USSR 290. April 18-19, 1990, Economic Crisis & Society, Freetown, Sierra Leone 291. May 2-6, 1990, Second Scramble for Africa Nairobi, Kenya 292. May 10, 1990, Moral Ed. in Czechoslovakia Brno, Czechoslovakia 293. May 25, 1990, Goals for Poland, Cracow, Poland 294. May 30, 1990, Media in America and Japan,Tokyo, Japan 295. July 3, 1990, The Military in Democracy, Kathmandu, Nepal 296. August 3-5, 1990, Zambia in the 1990s, Livingstone, Zambia 297. July 20-21, 1990, 1990’s - Changing Decade, Bangkok, Thailand 298. July 28, 1990, Tradition and Modernity, Dhaka, Bangladesh 299. Sept. 7-10, 1990 Occidental Culture in Latin America, Paipa, Colombia 300. Sept. 12-14, 1990, Development and Peace, Ouagagougou, Burkina Faso 301. Sept. 15-16, 1990, Ethnic Minoties in Europe, Budapest, Hungary 302. Sept. 21-25, 1990, Historical Dimension of Transformation in Eastern Europe, Warsaw, Poland 303. September 28, 1990, First National Meeting, USSR, Tver, USSR 304. November 7-9, 1990, Humanization of Education, Bechyne Castle, Czechoslovakia 305. Nov. 24-25, 1990, Environmental Security, Nagpur, India 306. Nov. 25-27, 1990, Building One Europe, Boyana, Bulgaria 307. Dec. 1-2, 1990, The Arab World and the New Face of Europe, Cairo, Egypt 308. Dec. 6-9, 1990, Earth: A Living Home, Mallorca, Spain 309. Dec. 7-8, 1990, Employment and Education, Nairobi, Kenya

110 Professors World Peace Academy

310. Dec. 7-9, 1990, Australia and the Global Environmental Crisis, Leura, NSW, Australia 311. Dec. 13-15, 1990, Democracy in Africa, Kinshasa, Zaire 312. December 18, 1990, Africa in the 21st Century, Yaoundé, Cameroon 313. December 18, 1990, National Meeting, London, U.K. 314. December 18, 1990, Islam and War, Washington, DC, USA 315. January, 1991, Dr. Rubenstein’s Speaking Tour, Petersburg, Russia 316. January 18-19, 1991, The Re-Unification of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa 317. January 24-26, 1991, Politics, Ethics, Technology, Santiago, Chile 318. January 30, 1991, National Planning Conference, Moscow, USSR 319. February 7, 1991, World After the Gulf Conflict, Yaounde, Cameroon 320. March 1, 1991, Future Perspectives, London, U.K. 321. March 5, 1991, Search for Viable Options, Philippines 322. April 5-7, 1991, Yugoslav Universities and European Integration, Sarejvo, Yugoslavia 323. April 7, 1991, Education in New Europe, Prague, Czechoslovakia 324. April 22-24, 1991, Social Science and Medicine, Santiago, Chile 325. May 3-5, 1991,Federalism in Europe: the Case of Yugoslavia, Geneva, Switzerland 326. May, 1991, Environmental Crisis, Dhaka, Bangladesh 327. June 28-July 1,1991, National Meeting, Lusaka, Zambia 328. August 10, 1991, Bulgaria at the Crossroads, Sophia, Bulgaria 329. August 21-23, Metrum of Art, Krakow, Poland 330. Sept. 20-22, 1991, Ethnic Minorities in Europe, Bucharest, Romania 331. October 30, 1991, Teaching Right form Wrong, Liverpool, UK 332. November 1-3, 1991, The Crisis of Black Africa, Abidjan, Ivory Coast 333. 21st ICWP November 21-24, 1991, The Roles of Asian-Pacific Intellectuals in the Changing World, Taiwan 334. November 23, 1991, Indian Society in the 21st Century, New Delhi, India 335. November 21-23, 1991, Culture and Religion, Moscow, USSR 336. December 18, 1991, The Prospects for Democracy in the 21st Century, USA 337. December 19-22, 1991, National Conference, Almeria, Spain 338. February 21-23, 1992, New Foundations for World Peace and Liberty, Toledo, Spain 339. February 29, 1992, PWPA Introductory Meeting, Legon, Ghana 340. March 1992, Society in the 21st Century, Nigeria 341. March 20-21, 1992, Foreign Policy Issues in a Democratic South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa 342. April 25-27, 1992, Life and Society in the 21st Centeru, Kinshasa, Zaire 343. May 8-9, 1992, Czechoslovakia and the World of 2042, Skalsky Dvur, Czechoslovakia 344. May 13, 1992, Founding meeting of PWPA Austria, Vienna, Austria 345. May 15-17, 1992 Faith and Reality , Kiev, Ukraine 346. May 30, 1992, Child Versus Teacher Centered Education, Kampala, Uganda 347. June 10-15, 1992 Poland in the 21st Century, Warsaw, Poland 348. June 27-July 1,1992, Future Prospects for Africa, Lusaka, Zambia 349. July 14, 1992, Meditation of the Future Through Present Knowledge, Lubumbashi, Zaire 350. August 20-24, 1992, 5th Congress: Society in the 21st Century, Seoul, Korea 351. September 11-13, 1992, Albania and Europe: Spirituality, Politics, and Economics, Tirana, Albania 352. October 25, 1992, The Sovereign National Conference-and Then?, Zaire 353. October 31, 1992, Academic Freedom of Speech, Athens, Greece 354. October 30-November 1, 1992, The Question of Power in Africa, Abidjan, Ivory Coast 355. November, 1992, Transition to Democracy in Eastern Europe, Budapest, Hungary 356. November 28-29, 1992, Problems of Education and Culture in India, New Delhi, India 357. December 1992, National Meeting, Spain 358. December 4, 1992, Dialog and Freedom, Vienna, Austria 359. December 10, 1992, The Future of Democracy, Bridgeport, CT, USA 360. December 14, 1992, “Recent Development in the Russian Federation, Kampala, Uganda 361. December 20, 1992, Reflection on Humanities for the Coming Hi-Tech, Taiwan 362. December 27, 1992, A Dialogue on the National History of Zaire, Zaire 363. March 11-14, 1993, The Return of Refugees and Displaced Persons, Zagreb, Croatia

PWPA CONFERENCE LIST 111

364. April 8-9, 1993, World Futures 2000-2010, London 365. April 16-18, 1993, US-China Relations, Bridgeport, CT, USA 366. May 7, 1993, The Healing of South Africa, Johannesburg, S.A. 367. June 10-20, PWPA Philippines and Thailand Peace Mission Tour, Higher Education Innovations for Development and Peace in the 21st Century, Korea and USA 368. July 2-5, 1993, Strategies for Improving the Quality of Life in Southern Africa, Zambia 369. August 4-6, 1993, Science, Morality and Values, St. Andrews, Scotland 370. August 12-14, 1993, In Search of Ways for the Development of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia 371. November 19, 1993, A Forward Look Into the 21st Century, Manila, Philippines 372. December, 1993, Anniversary Celebration, Washington D.C., USA 373. December 14, 1993, The Tyroler Prehistoric Man in Ice, Vienna, Austria 374. December 17-18, 1993, Bratislava, Slovakia 375. December 16-18, 1993, Journalism and the New Worlds of Communication, Osijek, Croatia 376. April 15-17, 1994, Korea in Transition, CT, USA 377. April 20, 1994, Genuine Prospects for NIChood, Manila, Philippines 378. Nov. 19-20 1994, The Family in India, New Dehli, India 379. Dec. 2, 1994, Round Table Discussion on Perspectives of Education, Belgrade, Yugoslavia 380. August 21-25, 1995, The Future of the Family, Seoul, Korea 381. Nov. 21-25, 1996, Coming of a New Century, Beijing, China 382. April 26-28, 1997, Rev. Sun Myung Moon and Reaganomics, Korea 383. November 24-29, 1997, Identity and Character, Washington, DC, USA 384. May 22-23, 1998, Maintaining Excellence in multiplicity: The Inter-University Cooperation 385. June 11-13, 1998, The Family and Human Rights, New York, USA 386. June 12, 1998, PWPA International Planning Meeting, New York, USA 387. October 4-8, 1998, Character and Personality, Moscow, Russia 388. January 13-16, 1999, African Renaissance, Johannesburg, South Africa

112 Professors World Peace Academy

114 Professors World Peace Academy